Exam (elaborations)
VCE11
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Exam of 19 pages for the course VCE 11 at American University Of Health Sciences (VCE 11)
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Question 1Not yet graded / 1 pts
Exercise 1 - Writing Activity
This exercise will take approximately 20 minutes to complete.
Exercise 1 - Question 1
To which categories of lung disease does emphysema belong?
Your Answer:
It is in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease category.
Chronic airflow limitation (CAL)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Question 2
Not yet graded / 1 pts
Exercise 1 - Question 2
Briefly describe the pathophysiology of emphysema.
Your Answer:
Emphysema is pathologically defined as an abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal
to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by the destruction of alveolar walls and without
obvious fibrosis. This process leads to reduced gas exchange, changes in airway dynamics that
impair expiratory airflow, and progressive air trapping.
Protease enzymes, normally present to destroy and eliminate particles and organisms inhaled
during breathing, are present in higher-than-normal levels. They damage the alveoli and small
airways by breaking down elastin. The alveolar sacs lose their elasticity and the small airways
collapse or narrow. Some alveoli are destroyed and others become large and flabby with
decreased area for effective gas exchange. An increased amount of air becomes trapped in the
lungs, caused by loss of elastic recoil in the alveolar walls, overstretching and enlargement of the
alveoli into air-filled spaces called bullae, and collapse of small airways (bronchioles). These
changes greatly increase the work of breathing. The hyperinflated lung flattens the diaphragm,
weakening the effect of the muscle. Hence the patient must use accessory muscles (neck, chest
wall, and abdomen) to breath. The increased effort increases oxygen demand, making the patient
work harder and resulting in an "air hunger" sensation. Gas exchange is also affected by the
increased work of breathing and loss of alveolar tissue.
,Question 3
Not yet graded / 1 pts
Exercise 1 - Question 3
Briefly describe the pathophysiology of pneumonia.
Your Answer:
Pneumonia can be transmitted when airborne microbes from an infected indi-vidual are
inhaled by someone else. However, most instances of pneumonia are attributable to
self-infection with one or more types of microbes that originate in the nose and mouth.
In healthy people, typical upper airway bacterial residents such as Streptococcus
pneumoniae (commonly referred to as “pneumococcus”) and Hemophilus influenzae are
the most common bacteria causing community-acquired pneumonia. Hospital-acquired
pneumonia is usually caused by more resistant bacteria, such as Staphylococcus
aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli.
Individuals with a serious impairment of their immune system become susceptible to
pneumonia caused by so-called “opportunistic” microbes, such as certain fungi, viruses,
and bacte-ria related to tuberculosis (mycobacteria), that would not ordinarily cause
disease in normal individuals.
Pneumonia is an excess of fluid in the lungs resulting from an inflammatory process. The
inflammation occurs in the interstitial spaces, the alveoli, and often the bronchioles. The process
of pneumonia begins when organisms penetrate the airway mucosa and multiply in the alveolar
spaces. White blood cells migrate to the area of infection, causing local capillary leak, edema,
and exudate. These fluids collect in and around the alveoli and the alveolar walls thicken. RBCs
and fibrin move into the alveoli. The capillary leak spreads the infection to other areas of the
lung. The fibrin and edema of inflammation stiffen the lung, causing decreased lung compliance
and a decline in the vital capacity. Alveolar collapse (atelectasis) further reduces the ability of the
lungs to oxygenate the blood moving through it. As a result, arterial oxygen level fall, causing
hypoxemia.
Question 4
0. pts
Exercise 1 - Question 4
Which are risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia? Select all that apply.
Correct!
Older adult
Correct!
, History of chronic lung disease
Correct!
Uses tobacco products
Correct Answer
Uses alcohol
You Answered
Poor nutritional status
Correct!
Recent exposure to influenza infection
Correct!
Has not received pneumococcal vaccination in the past 5 years
Question 5
pts
Exercise 1 - Question 5
When caring for a patient with pneumonia, empyema may result. What does this entail?
The lung collapses.
There is a solidification in one of the lung's lobes.
Bacteria has infiltrated the blood stream.
Correct!
There is a collection of pus in the pleural cavity.
Question 6
pts
Exercise 1 - Question 6
Which is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?
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