Portage Learning A&P 1A&P 1 101 The Digestive System
Digestive System Overview
- The human digestive organs can be divided into two main groups:
- 1. Those of the alimentary canal
- Also known as the gastrointestinal tract
- A continuous muscular digestive tube beginning in the oral cavity
- Contains the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and
anus
- 2. Accessory digestive organs
- Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
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Anatomy of the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
,Portage Learning A&P 1A&P 1 101 The Digestive System
- Mouth = the beginning of the GI tract
- Made up of lips, tongue, cheeks, hard/soft palate, and the uvula
- The tongue’s attachments are the hyoid bone, mandible, and the lingual frenulum
- Lingual frenulum = the vertical mucous membrane by which the body of the
tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth
- Mastication = chewing food; food is mixed with saliva, which contains amylase
(breaks down starches)
- There are 32 teeth in the human mouth
- Upper arch is located in the maxilla
- Lower arch is located in the mandible
- There are four different types of teeth to accommodate a veggie and meat
diet
- Incisors for biting, a pointed canine for tearing, pre-molars for
grinding, flat molars for crushing
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- Each tooth is made up of a crown, neck, and root
- Root = largest portion of tooth; located within alveolar process of
, Portage Learning A&P 1A&P 1 101 The Digestive System
jaw bone
- Neck = located within upper portion of gums
- Crown = visible portion of tooth
- A pulp cavity is in the center of each tooth, containing nerves and blood
vessels
- Allows for heat, cold, pain sensations
- Dentin = bone-like substance composing most of each tooth
- Enamel = very hard connective tissue that protects the tooth; on the
surface of the crown
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- Tongue = grips food and repositions it, forming a bolus
- Pushes bolus back to pharynx to begin the swallowing process
- Has papillae, which are raised bumps on the tongue
- Three types: circumvallate, fungiform, and filiform
- Circumvallate and fungiform contain taste buds, which are
chemical receptors stimulated by the chemical composition of food
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- Pharynx = connects the mouth to the esophagus; known as the throat
- Made up of nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- Has two types of skeletal muscles: circumferential outer layer and an inner
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