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Portage Learning BIOD 152 AP2 Lab5 graded A
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Portage Learning BIOD 152 AP2 Lab5A&P 2 Lab 5
Blood Types
The ABO blood group was discovered in 1900 by Carl Landsteiner.
The discovery of the ABO blood type grouped allowed us to successfully complete blood
transfusions.
General blood types are: A, B, O, and AB
Before learning that we have a blood type, there were blood transfusions done but some
resulted in fatal failure.
• Blood types and transfusion compatibility are based on 2 molecules and their
interactions:
o Red blood cells
o Proteins in our plasma
• Red Blood Cells:
o Antigen- determines our blood type
▪ Either a protein, glycoprotein, or a glycolipid
o Antigens are genetically unique except for identical twins.
o Antigens found on the surface of our red blood cells and determine the blood
type that we have.
o They also help the body to distinguish foreign matter that may enter the blood
stream
o A antigen- defines someone as a type A blood
o B antigen = type B blood
o Both A and B antigens= AB blood
o NO antigens = type 0 blood
• Antibody- plasma protein
o In our blood, antibodies that detect foreign matter and will initiate an immune
response.
o Antibodies will bind to the antigens present on the red blood cells and mark
them for destruction.
o Antibodies are found in the blood plasma
• Antibodies of the ABO blood typing group will react against any antigen that is not
present on their own rbc.
o EX: In someone’s blood sample, there is antigens and antibodies and they will not
attack its own rbc.
• Blood types are based on the presence of antigens and antibodies.
, Portage Learning BIOD 152 AP2 Lab5
o The antigens are called Agglutinogen
o The antibodies are called Agglutinin
o These establish a homeostasis in our blood system. If there is a disruption of the
homeostasis, the antibodies will activate an immune system process.
• Antibodies of the ABO grouping are not present at birth and appear 2-8 months after
birth and peak at age 10. After age 10, the level of antibodies will start to decline.
• Antibodies in our blood will react against any antigen that is not part of our own system.
o EX: In type A blood, we have antibodies for type B antigens. So type A blood will
be acted on by a antibody called Alpha-Agglutinin/ Anti-A. This is why the anti A
is not present in this blood type.
▪ To maintain homeostasis, there is only a B antibody in the Type A blood.
▪ So, People with type O or type B blood, will have the A antibodies present
in their plasma.
▪ People with type A blood will not have the A antibody present
▪ Type B blood has B. antigens and A antibodies
o In type B blood, the B antigens will be acted on by an antibody called Beta-
Agglutinin. (It will destroy the blood cells marked with B antigens- which is why
its not normally present in a plasma that contains rbc with b antigens)
• Transfusion compatibility- we don’t want the donors rbc to be attacked by the antibodies
in the recipient’s system.
o Agglutinate= be attacked
• Transfusion reaction- a mismatch
o Agglutination- clumping of the red blood cells.
▪ So the antibodies present in type B will attack the antigens in type A.
▪ The agglutinated red blood cells will then rupture and the hemoglobin
will release into the blood system.
▪ Once its in the blood system, it can travel to things like the kidney
tubules, and the hemoglobin will block the tubules and cause kidney
failure and can be fatal within 1 week of the transfusion.
• A type A person can donate blood to a type A or type AB person because of the
antibodies that are either present or absent in the system.
o They can accept blood from a type A or type O person
• Type AB can only donate to type AB because of the type of antigens present but can
accept any type of blood because of the lack of antibodies in their system.
• Type AB= universal recipient
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