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HESI A2 Exam V1 With A & P Latest 2021
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HESI A2 Exam V1 With A & P Latest 2021
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HESI iA2 iVERSION i1READING iCOMPEHENSION
Doppler iEffect
Have iyou iever iwondered iwhy ithe iwhistle iofia itraveling, idistant i locomotive ipredicts iits iapproach
iseveral i yards i before ianyone iactually i sees i it? iOr iwhy ian ioncoming iambulance’s iscreaming i sireniis
iheard i momentarily i several i feet ibefore ithe iambulance icomes i into ifull i view, i before i it ipasses i you,
i and iwhy iits isiren i is istill iheard i faintly iwell iafter ithe iambulance i is iout iof isight?
What iyou iare iwitnessing iis ia iscientific iphenomenon iknown ias ithe iDoppler iEffect. iWhat itakes
iplace i is itruly iremarkable. iIn i both iof ithese i instances, iwhen ithe itrain ior iambulance i moves itoward
it he isound iwaves i in i front iof i it, ithe isound iwaves iare i pulled icloser itogether iand i have ia i higher
i frequency. iIn ieither i instance, ithe i listener ipositioned iin ifront iof ithe imoving iobject ihears ia ihigher
ip itch. iThe iambulance iand i locomotive iare iprogressively i moving iaway i from ithe isound iwaves
ibehind ithem, icausing ithe iwaves ito ibe i farther iapart iand ito ihave ia i lower i frequency. iThese i fast-
iapproaching i modes iof itransportation idistance ithemselves ipast ithe i listener, iwho ihears ia i lower
ipitch.
1. Which istatement i is inot ilisted ias ia idetail iin ithe ipassage?
A. The ioncoming isound iwaves ihave ia ihigher ipitch ibecause iof ihigh ifrequency iand icloseness
io f iwaves.
B. The ioncoming isound iwaves ihave ia ihigher ipitch ibecause iof ilow ifrequency iand icloseness
io f iwaves.
C. The iwhistling isound iofithe ilocomotive ias iit iapproaches iand ipasses ican ibe iexplained iby
it he iDoppler i effect.
D. The ihigh-pitched isound iofithe iambulance ias iit iapproaches iand ipasses ican ibe iexplained
iby ithe iDoppler i effect.
2. What i is ithe imain iidea iof ithe ipassage?
A. Trains iand iambulances imake idistinctly iloud inoises.
B. Low-frequency iwaves imake ihigh-pitched isounds.
C. High-frequency iwaves imake ilow-pitched isounds.
D. The iDoppler iEffect iexplains ithe irationale ifor iwhy isound iis iheard iinitially imore istrongly
iand ithen i faintly iafter i a i moving iobject i has ipassed.
3. What i is ithe imeaning iofithe iword iphenomenon iin ithe isecond iparagraph?
A. Something ithat iis ilifeless ito ithe isenses
,B. Something ithat iis inonchalant
C. Something ithat iis isignificant ibut iunusual
D. Something ithat iis ichemical iin iorigin
4. What i is ithe iauthor’s iprimary ipurpose iin iwriting ithis iessay?
A. To ientertain ithe ireader iwith iinformation iabout itrains iand iambulances
B. To iinformithe ireader iabout iavoiding iaccidents, iwhich iinvolve itrains iand iambulances
C. To iinformithe ireader iabout ihow imovement iaffects isound
D. To ianalyze ithe idifference ibetween itrain iand iambulance isounds
5. Which isound iwaves ihave ia ihigher ipitch?
A. Those iwaves ithat iare icloser itogether
B. Those iwaves ithat iare ifarther iapart
C. Those iwaves ithat itravelia ilong idistance
D. Those iwaves ithat itravelia ishort idistance
6. Which isound iwaves ihave ia i lower ipitch?
A. Those iwaves ithat iare icloser itogether
B. Those iwaves ithat iare ifarther iapart
C. Those iwaves ithat itravelia ilong idistance
D. Those iwaves ithat itravelia ishort idistance
Electrocardiogram
Beep!…Beep!…Beep! iis ithe iaudible irhythmic isound i made ias ithe istrength iof ithe iheart imuscle i is
imeasured. The isignal icadence ihas ia icharacteristic irecord ithat ivaries iin ievery iindividual. iThis
irecord iis icalled i an ielectrocardiogram, i or iECG.
In ithe ibody, ian iarray iof isystemic ineural iresponses iconstantly ioccur, iemitting ielectric icurrents.
iThe ielectric icurrents ican ibe idetected ion ithe isurface iof ithe ibody, iand i if ia iperson i is i hooked ito ian
ia mplifier, i these i impulses iare irecorded iby ian ielectrocardiograph.
Most iofithe iinformation iobtained iis iabout ithe iheart ibecause ithe iheart isends iout ielectric icurrents
iin waves. iThis i“wave iof iexcitation” ispreads ithrough ithe iheart iwall iand iis iaccompanied iby
ielectric ichanges. i The iwave itakes iplace i in ithree idistinct i steps.
Initially, ithe i“wave iofiexcitation” iaccompanied iby ian ielectric ichange i lasts ifor iapproximately i1
ito i2 iseconds iafter ithe icontraction iof ithe icardiac i muscle. iThe ielectric i impulses iare idischarged
,rhythmically ifrom ithe isinoatrial i(SA) inode, ithe ipacemaker iofithe iheart. iThis ispread iofiexcitation
io ver ithe i muscle iof ithe iatrium i indicates ithat ithe iatrium ihas icontracted.
Next, ithe ipeak iofithe iECG ireading i is idue ito ithe iatrioventricular i(AV) inode, icausing itheiventricle
ito i become i excited.
Finally, ithe iventricles irelax, iand iany ichanges iin ithe iwave iindicate ito itrained i medical istaff iany
iabnormalities iwithin ithe i heart.
7. What i is ithe iauthor’s iprimary ipurpose iin iwriting ithe iessay?
A. To ipersuade ithe ireader ito ihave ian iECG
B. To ientertain ithe ireader iwith ia iheart-warming istory
C. To iinform ithe ireader ihow ian ielectrocardiograph ireads ithe ielectric icurrents iemitted iby ithe
iheart
D. To ianalyze ithe idifference i in ithe iSA inode iand ithe iAV inode
8. Which istatement i is inot ilisted ias ia idetail iwithin ithe ipassage?
A. Changes iin ithe iECG iare itypically iused i for idiagnosis iofiabnormal icardiac irhythm.
B. The isignal ihas ia icharacteristic irecord icalled ithe ielectrocardiogram.
C. The i“wave iof iexcitation” istarts iat ithe iSA inode.
D. The i“wave iofiexcitation” ispreads ithrough ithe iheart iwall iand i is iaccompanied iby ielectric
ichanges.
9. What i is ithe imeaning iofithe iword iemitting ias iit i is iused iin ithe isecond iparagraph?
A. Repelling
B. Releasing
C. Closing
D. Charging
10. What i is ithe imain iidea iof ithe ipassage?
A. Electric icurrents iwithin ithe ibodyiare idue ito ielectrostatic icharges iset ioff iby ithe iheart.
B. The iECG isystematically iand iquickly imeasures ithe istages iat iwhich ithe i“wave iof
iexcitation” ioccurs iwithin ithe i heart i and irecords ithem.
C. The i“wave iof iexcitation” i is idetected ion ithe isurface iofithe ibodyiand i is iused ito imeasure
it he iatrial iexcitation iof ithe i heart.
, D. The ielectric icurrents iwithin ithe ibodyiare iin idirect irelation ito ithe i“wave iof iexcitation”
imeasured i by ithe iECG.
11. What i is ithe ibest isummary iofithe ipassage?
A. Electric icurrents iwithin ithe ibodyiare idue ito ielectrostatic icharges iset ioff iby ithe iheart.
iMedical istaff iare itrained ito irecognize iany iabnormalities iwithin ithe i heart.
B. Every iindividual ihas iunique ielectric icurrents ion ithe isurface iofithe ibody. iThe iECG
imeasures iand irecords ithese ielectric icurrents.
C. The iECG isystematically iand irather iquickly imeasures ithe istages iat iwhich ithe i“wave iof
iexcitation” ioccurs iwithin ithe i heart iand irecords ithem. iThis iwave i has ithree idistinct isteps ithat
ispread i from ithe iSA i node ito the iAV inode.
D. The iECG i measures ithe ielectric icurrents iwithin ithe ibody. iThese icurrents iare idetected ion
it he isurface iof ithe i body iwhen ithe i body iis iconnected ito i an iamplifier.
12. What iare ithe ithree isteps iof ithe i“wave iof iexcitation”?
A. The idischarge i from ithe iSA inode, ithe ipeak iECG, iand ithe iexcitement iofithe iventricle.
B. The iexcitement iofithe iventricle, ithe irelaxing iofithe iventricle, iand ithe isystemic ineural
iresponse.
C. The icontraction iof ithe iatrium, ithe irelaxation iofithe iatrium, iand ithe icontraction iof ithe
iventricle.
D. The iexcitation iof ithe iatrium, ithe iexcitement iofithe iventricle, iand ithe irelaxing iof ithe
iventricle.
Blood iPressure iRegulators
The ibody iis icomposed iof isystems ithat ihave ievolved iand idiversified iin iorder ito imaintain ithe
inatural ifunctions iand iprocesses ithey iregulate. iOne i such isystem ithat i has ithese iregulators iis ithe
ibody’s icardiovascular isystem. iThe i body’s ipump, iwhich iregulates ithe i flow iof i vitally i needed
ioxygen ito iall icells iof ithe ibody, ias iwell ias ithe idiscard iof icarbon idioxide iand iother iwaste iproducts,
iis ithe i heart.
Because iblood ipressure ivaries iat idifferent ipoints iwithin ithe ibody, idiffering icomponents iare
ineeded ito ikeep ithe ibody’s iblood ipressure iregulated. iThree iof ithe i basic icomponents iare
ibaroreceptors, ichemoreceptors, i and ithe ikidneys.
Baroreceptors iare istretch ireceptors icomposed iof ifine ibranching inerve iendings iand iare icontained
ia long the iwalls iof ithe iarteries inear ithe iheart iand iin iother iareas iof ithe ibody ias iwell. iImpulses
iare irelated ito ithis i stretching ialong ithe iarterial iwalls, iwhich icauses ithese i baroreceptors ito isend
iout ieven i more i impulses ito ithe iheart, iarteries, iand i veins, icausing ithe i blood ipressure ito igo ieither
iup ior i down.
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