Summary
Summary chapter 5 (HC 4+5) of the book basic pathology
- Course
- Institution
- Book
a comprehensive summary after the lecture on chapter 5. Everything that has been covered in the lecture is in this explanation summary.
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
Test Bank for Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Edition by Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abba & Jon C. Aster 9780323353175 Chapter 1-24 | Complete Guide A+
-
Test Bank for Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Edition by Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abba & Jon C. Aster 9780323353175 Chapter 1-24 | Complete Guide A+
-
Test Bank for Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Edition by Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abba & Jon C. Aster 9780323353175 Chapter 1-24 | Complete Guide A+
Seller
Follow
nooralkemade
Reviews received
Content preview
Chapter 5: Diseases of the immune systemThe adaptive immune system comes with its limitations. There are 3 typical immune
reactions with negative effects:
1. Hypersensitivity type I-IV
2. Unwanted immune reactions, like auto-immune or transplant rejections
3. Decreased immunity, due to immunodeficiencies.
Short recap immunology:
B lymphocytes become antibodies; Ig gene editing via 2 phases. Phase 1 is random, before
contact with the antigen happens in the bone marrow. Phase 2 is non random, occurs after
contact antigen to make it perfectly suitable, happens in the lymph nodes.
T lymphocytes become effector T cells. The CD4+ T cells bind antigen though their TCR that
is presented via MHC type 2. Become other t cells or memory t cells. Always an extracellular
antigen which is processed. The CD8+ T cell bind antigen via other TCR that is presented in
MHC type 1, always intracellular so mostly viruses.
1. Hypersensitivity
Type 1: allergy; upon activation of TH2 cells, IgE production starts. Binds to mast cells. Can
be an immediate hypersensitivity reaction (minutes) or late reaction (after repeated
exposure). Eosinophils are super active in allergy.
Type 2: antibody mediated; tissue damage or dysfunction due to antibodies binding to
receptors. Example is pemphigus vulgaris, antibodies against epidermal intercellular
adhesion molecule. Example is Graves’ disease, where the antibody bind to the TSH
receptor, constant thyrohyoid hormone secretion, hypermetabolic state. Example is
Myasthenia Gravis, antibody inhibits activation ACh recptor, less muscle activation.
Type 3: immune complex mediated; antigen-antibody complex, binding the vessel wall
causing further damage and induce phagocytosis. Antigen can be own DNA in SLE.
Type 4: T cell mediated; CD4+ T cell activate APC cells, causing more damage than the virus
itself. CD4+ T cell activate macrophage. Cluster or APC become activated, called granuloma.
2. Unwanted immune reactions, auto-immunity:
Immunologic tolerance: why do we not attack our own proteins? Via central tolerance B
cells undergo deletion or receptor editing in the bone marrow. Peripheral tolerance an APC
presents a self-antigen, which when it is recognized by a T cell, it become anergic. Also, in
most times Treg suppress the B and T cells.
Auto immune diseases can occur via: genetic factors (diseases on MHC alleles) or via an
infection (co-stimulators or molecular mimicry):
- Co-stimulation: an APC presents a secondary stimulus, where the T cell reacts on
- Mimicry: via activation of microbe, recognize the wrong self-tissue.
SLE = auto immune disease where the antigen is a piece of DNA
Sjogren syndrome = auto-immune disease, causing destruction of the salivary glands.
Systemic sclerosis = auto-immune where too much extracellular matrix protein is made,
causing fibrosis (M2 macrophage) involving skin an parenchymal organs.
Transplant rejections:
Graft = the transplanted organ or tissue or cells
Recipient = the individual who receives the graft, also called the host
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller nooralkemade. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $5.98. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
64438 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now