Rasmussen College:NUR 2502 MDC 3 Final Exam Study Guide _LATEST 2021/2022,100% CORRECT
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NUR 2502
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NUR 2502
Rasmussen College:NUR 2502 MDC 3 Final Exam Study Guide _LATEST 2021/2022
Cardiac Disorders Heart failure – 3 types
• Left-sided heart failure – results from ineffective left ventricular contraction causing a backup of fluid into the lungs, which results in pulmonary congestion.
o Symp...
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Rasmussen College:NUR 2502 MDC 3 Final Exam Study Guide
_LATEST 2021/2022
Cardiac Disorders
Heart failure – 3
types
• Left-sided heart failure – results from ineffective left ventricular
contraction causing a backup of fluid into the lungs, which results in
pulmonary congestion.
o Symptoms
▪ Chest discomfort
▪ Dyspnea
▪ Palpitations
▪ Skipped heartbeats
▪ Tachycardia
▪ Weakness
▪ Dizziness
▪ Fatigue
▪ Oliguria (Kidney failure)
• Right-sided heart failure – results from the inability of the right ventricle
to effectively contract to pump blood, causing a backup of fluid into the
periphery.
o Symptoms
▪ Nausea
▪ Anorexia
▪ Leg edema
▪ Ascites
▪ Nocturia
▪ Hepatomegaly
• High-output failure – results from an increased metabolic state in which
cardiac output remains normal or above normal. High-output failure is
caused by increased metabolic
needs or hyperkinetic conditions, such as septicemia, high fever, anemia, and
hyperthyroidism.
• Patient Education
o Take medication as prescribed. Avoid NSAIDS
o Stay active as tolerated
o Weigh daily
o Limit sodium to 2-3g per day. Limit fluid to 2 L per day
• Diagnostics
o ABG
o Chest x-ray
o EKG
o Echocardiogram – best tool in diagnosing HF.
,Mitral stenosis
Is the stiffening/narrowing of the valves preventing normal blood flow from the left
atrium into the left ventricle. This can lead to left atrial dilation and pulmonary
congestion.
, • Causes
o Rheumatic fever
o Congenital abnormalities
• Symptoms
o Dyspnea
o Orthopnea (SOB lying down)
o Nocturnal dyspnea
o Hemoptysis
o Dry cough
o Pulmonary HTN
o Hepatomegaly
Mitral Regurgitation
The mitral valve does not close completely causing a backflow of blood into the Left Atrium.
• Can lead to hypertrophy of the left atrium and ventricle due to increased pressure.
• Causes
o Rheumatic fever
o Infective Endocarditis
o Papillary muscle dysfunction
Mitral Prolapse
The enlargement of the mitral valve leaflets which then prolapse into the left atrium.
• Causes
o Marfan syndrome
o Congenital heart disease
o Genetics
• What sound would you anticipate auscultating? – A midsystolic click
heard at the apex of the heart.
Aortic stenosis
Narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing ventricular outflow
Can lead to ventricular hypertrophy resulting in effective perfusion of
oxygenated blood If left untreated, can progress to right-sided heart failure.
• What sound would you expect to hear if auscultating? - A diamond-
shaped, systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur
Aortic regurgitation
The valve does not close appropriately allowing blood to backflow into the ventricles.
• Assessment Findings
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