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Samenvatting Open Methodologie en Statistiek (OpenMenS)
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In deze samenvatting zijn alle onderwerpen van de module Onderzoekspracticum Inleiding onderzoek te vinden.
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Inleiding statistiekUitwerking per hoofdstuk obv leerdoelen
Inhoud
Thema 1..................................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................................................................5
Waarom wordt wetenschap beoefend?.........................................................................................5
Wat de empirische onderzoekcyclus is en uit welke fasen deze bestaat........................................5
Wat dubieuze onderzoekspraktijken zijn........................................................................................5
Begrippen:......................................................................................................................................6
1.2 Operationalisaties.........................................................................................................................7
Variabelen, constructen en verschillen tussen deze begrippen......................................................7
Operationalisaties...........................................................................................................................7
Meetinstrumenten.........................................................................................................................7
Manipulaties...................................................................................................................................7
Wat is een meetmodel...................................................................................................................8
Begrippen.......................................................................................................................................9
1.3 Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit......................................................................................................9
Betrouwbaarheid............................................................................................................................9
Validiteit.........................................................................................................................................9
Andere soorten validiteit..............................................................................................................10
Relatie tussen betrouwbaarheid en validiteit...............................................................................10
(Niet)-systematische meetfout.....................................................................................................10
Verschil tussen kwantitatief en kwalitatief onderzoek.................................................................11
1.4 Populaties en steekproeven.......................................................................................................11
Populaties.....................................................................................................................................11
Steekproeven, de steekproeffout en selecte en aselecte steekproeven......................................12
Thema 2............................................................................................................................................13
2.1 Structurele modellen..................................................................................................................13
Structurele/conceptuele modellen...............................................................................................13
2.2 Types designs..............................................................................................................................13
Cross-sectioneel en longitudinaal design......................................................................................13
Observationeel versus experimenteel design...............................................................................14
Randomisatie................................................................................................................................14
Attritie..........................................................................................................................................14
Manipulaties, matching van condities, controlegroepen, blindering en dubbel-blindering.........14
1
, Quasi-experiment.........................................................................................................................15
2.3 Onderzoeksvragen en hypothesen.............................................................................................15
Onderzoeksvragen........................................................................................................................15
Hypothesen..................................................................................................................................15
Onafhankelijke variabelen, voorspellers of covarianten en afhankelijke variabelen of criteria....15
Doelstellingen...............................................................................................................................16
Thema 3 Univariate analyse.................................................................................................................16
3.1 Beschrijvingsmaten.....................................................................................................................16
Centrummaten en formules.........................................................................................................16
Uitschieters (outliers)...................................................................................................................16
Spreidingsmaten en formules.......................................................................................................16
Vrijheidsgraden.............................................................................................................................18
3.2 Verdelingsvormen en maten......................................................................................................18
Verdelingsvormen........................................................................................................................18
Verdelingsmaten..........................................................................................................................18
Normale verdeling........................................................................................................................19
Z-scores........................................................................................................................................19
Histogrammen..............................................................................................................................20
Density plots.................................................................................................................................20
Q-Q plots......................................................................................................................................21
Boxplots........................................................................................................................................21
3.3 Steekproefverdeling...................................................................................................................22
Steekproefverdeling.....................................................................................................................23
Beschrijvingsmaten uit steekproefverdeling.................................................................................23
Centrale limietstelling...................................................................................................................23
Standaardfout...............................................................................................................................23
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval............................................................................................................24
Puntschattingen............................................................................................................................25
3.4 Meetniveaus en frequentie........................................................................................................25
Meetniveaus.................................................................................................................................25
Frequentieverdeling.....................................................................................................................25
Staafdiagrammen.........................................................................................................................26
Thema 4 Correlaties.............................................................................................................................26
Het verband tussen 2 continu variabelen.........................................................................................26
Scatterplot (Hoofdstuk 18: Samenhang in data)...........................................................................26
4.2 De correlatie-coëfficiënt.................................................................................................................27
2
, Correlatie......................................................................................................................................27
Richting van correlatie..................................................................................................................27
Sterkte van het verband...............................................................................................................27
Correlatie en causaliteit................................................................................................................27
4.3 De steekproefverdeling van Pearson’s r.....................................................................................29
Steekproefcorrelatie.....................................................................................................................29
Steekproefverdeling en steekproefgrootte...................................................................................29
Puntschattingen voor correlaties uit kleine steekproeven...........................................................29
4.4 Het BI van Pearson’s r.................................................................................................................29
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval voor een correlatiecoëfficiënt............................................................29
4.5 De p-waarde van Pearson’s r......................................................................................................30
Een p-waarden..............................................................................................................................30
Berekening p-waarden.................................................................................................................30
Nulhypothese-significantietoetsing (NHST)..................................................................................30
Alpha, het significantieniveau, het kritieke p-waarde...................................................................31
4.6 Type-1 en type-2 toetsen............................................................................................................32
Type-1 fout...................................................................................................................................32
Type-2 fout...................................................................................................................................32
De kans op type-1 toets ism alpha, steekproefomvang, sterkte van het verband in de populatie
......................................................................................................................................................32
4.7 Power en multiple testing...........................................................................................................33
Power...........................................................................................................................................33
Samenhang tussen power en alpha, steekproefomvang en de sterkte vh verband in de populatie
......................................................................................................................................................33
Multiple testing............................................................................................................................34
Thema 5 Regressie............................................................................................................................35
Regressie tov correlatie................................................................................................................35
Regressiecoëfficiënt voor intercept en helling..............................................................................35
Symmetrische regressiecoëfficiënten...........................................................................................37
Verschil tussen ruwe en gestandaardiseerde regressiecoëfficiënten...........................................37
5.2 De steekproefverdeling van beta................................................................................................37
Steekproefverdeling van regressiecoëfficiënt...............................................................................37
t-verdeling....................................................................................................................................37
Verschil tussen t-verdeling (voor kleine steekproeven) en z-verdeling (grote steekproeven of
populatie).....................................................................................................................................38
BI van regressiecoefficient............................................................................................................38
3
, Invloed van steekproefomvang op het BI voor een regressiecoefficient......................................38
p-waarde van regressiecoëfficiënt................................................................................................38
p-waarde van een regressiemodel................................................................................................38
power van enkelvoudige regressieanalyse...................................................................................38
5.3 Dichotome onafhankelijke variabelen........................................................................................38
Aannames bij regressieanalyse.....................................................................................................38
Dummycodering...........................................................................................................................39
Synoniemen..................................................................................................................................39
Thema 6................................................................................................................................................40
6.1 Onafhankelijke steekproeven (independent sample t-test in jamovi)........................................40
Vorm van de steekproefverdeling van het verschil tussen gemiddelden.....................................40
Het betrouwbaarheidsinterval voor het verschil tussen gemiddelden.........................................40
Cohen’s d......................................................................................................................................41
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval Cohen’s d (Inde..................................................................................42
p-waarde voor het verschil tussen gemiddelden (ook voor Cohen’s d)........................................42
De power van een t-toets in verhouding tot de power van een correlatie...................................43
6.2 Afhankelijke steekproeven.........................................................................................................44
Bij welke onderzoeksontwerpen gepaarde t-toetsen worden gebruikt.......................................44
Voordelen van gepaarde t-toetsen...............................................................................................44
Power van gepaarde t-toets.........................................................................................................45
Thema 7 ANOVA...................................................................................................................................47
7.1 Variantieanalyse.........................................................................................................................47
De verhouding tussen 2 grootheden in F-waarde.........................................................................47
ω2..................................................................................................................................................47
Berekening van p-waarde voor de F-waarde (en dus voor ω 2 ).....................................................47
Verhouding tussen de power van F-toets tov de power van t-toets.............................................47
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