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Samenvatting Bijzondere Ortho
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Orthopedagogische concepten, deel 3A:Bijzondere orthopedagogiek
1
,Inhoud
1. Personen met een handicap: inleiding.....................................................................................................7
1.1. Inleiding.............................................................................................................................................7
1.2. Wat is een handicap?.........................................................................................................................7
1.3. Etiologie...........................................................................................................................................10
1.3.1. Prenatale oorzaken (tijdens de zwangerschap)........................................................................10
1.3.2. Perinatale oorzaken (tijdens de bevalling)................................................................................11
1.3.3. Postnatale oorzaken (na de geboorte)......................................................................................11
1.3.4. Aangeboren of verworven handicap.........................................................................................12
1.4. Elke persoon is anders!....................................................................................................................13
1.4.1. Het ecologisch model van de menselijke ontwikkeling en het balansmodel als kader.............13
1.4.2. De persoon...............................................................................................................................13
1.4.3. Micro-mesoniveau....................................................................................................................15
1.4.4. Exoniveau.................................................................................................................................16
Al dan niet ondersteuning vanuit omgeving.......................................................................................16
1.4.5. Macroniveau.............................................................................................................................16
1.4.6. Krachten inzetten......................................................................................................................17
2. Personen met een verstandelijke beperking..........................................................................................17
2.1. Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................17
2.2. Wat is een verstandelijke handicap.................................................................................................17
2.2.1. Definitie....................................................................................................................................17
2.2.2. Oorzaken...................................................................................................................................20
2.2.3. Prevalentie................................................................................................................................20
2.2.4. Verschillen in ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................20
2.3. Ondersteuningsbehoeften van de persoon en de omgeving...........................................................21
2.3.1. Cognitieve ontwikkeling............................................................................................................21
2.3.2. Communicatie en taalontwikkeling..........................................................................................22
2.3.3. Sociale ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................23
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, 2.3.4. Emotionele ontwikkeling en persoonlijkheid............................................................................24
2.3.5. Motorische ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................24
2.3.6. Gezondheid !!...........................................................................................................................25
2.4. Begeleidingsaspecten......................................................................................................................25
2.4.1. Stimuleren van de cognitieve ontwikkeling..............................................................................25
2.4.2. Stimuleren van communicatie en taalontwikkeling..................................................................25
2.4.3. Sociaal-emotionele ondersteuning...........................................................................................27
2.4.4. Belang van preventie in functie van gezondheidsrisico’s..........................................................28
2.4.5. Aanvulling i.v.m. de begeleiding van personen met een ernstig en diep verstandelijke
handicap.............................................................................................................................................28
3. Personen met een visuele handicap.......................................................................................................29
3.1. Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................29
3.2. Wat is “slechtziend” of “blind” zijn?................................................................................................29
3.2.1. Oorzaken...................................................................................................................................29
3.2.2. Prevalentie................................................................................................................................30
3.2.3. Visuele waarneming: een samenspel tussen de ogen en de hersenen.....................................30
3.2.4. Slechtziend of blind?.................................................................................................................32
3.3. Ondersteuningsbehoeften van de persoon en de omgeving...........................................................32
3.3.1. Inleiding....................................................................................................................................32
3.3.2. Impact op het dagelijks leven en de zelfstandigheid................................................................33
3.3.3. Motorische ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................34
3.3.4. Cognitieve ontwikkeling............................................................................................................34
3.3.5. Communicatie en taalontwikkeling..........................................................................................35
3.3.6. Sociale ontwikkeling en uitbouw van contacten met anderen.................................................35
3.3.7. Emotionele ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................36
3.4. Begeleidingsaspecten......................................................................................................................37
3.4.1. Zelfstandigheid bevorderen......................................................................................................37
3.4.2. Beweging..................................................................................................................................37
3.4.3. Sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling..............................................................................................38
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, 3.4.4. Gebruik van hulpmiddelen en de moderne technologie...........................................................38
3.4.5. Concrete tips in het omgaan en om zelfstandigheid te bevorderen.........................................39
4. Mensen met auditieve handicap............................................................................................................40
4.1. Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................40
4.2. Wat is slechthorend of doof zijn?....................................................................................................41
4.2.1. Oorzaken...................................................................................................................................41
4.2.2. Prevalentie................................................................................................................................41
4.2.3. Auditieve waarneming: een samenspel tussen de oren en de hersenen..................................42
4.2.4. Slechthorend of doof?..............................................................................................................44
4.3. Ondersteuningsbehoeften van de persoon en de omgeving...........................................................44
4.3.1. Communicatie en taalontwikkeling..........................................................................................44
4.3.2. Sociale ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................44
4.3.3. Cognitieve ontwikkeling............................................................................................................45
4.3.4. Sociale ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................45
4.4. Begeleidingsaspecten......................................................................................................................46
4.4.2. Stimuleren van communicatie en taalontwikkeling..................................................................48
4.4.3. Alternatieve communicatiemiddelen........................................................................................48
4.4.4. Gebarentaal of niet...................................................................................................................50
4.4.5. Andere hulpmiddelen en gebruik moderne technologie..........................................................50
4.4.6. Concrete tips.............................................................................................................................50
5. Personen met een fysieke handicap.......................................................................................................51
5.1. Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................51
5.2. Wat is een fysieke handicap?...........................................................................................................51
5.2.1. Oorzaken...................................................................................................................................51
5.2.2. Prevalentie................................................................................................................................52
5.2.3. Soorten fysieke handicap..........................................................................................................52
5.3. Ondersteuningsbehoeften van de persoon en de omgeving...........................................................55
5.3.1. Motorische ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................55
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