Summary
Samenvatting Algemene Pschologie
- Course
- Institution
Duidelijke samenvatting
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
lottedeveeuwx
Reviews received
Content preview
Algemene psychologie1
,Inhoud
1. Inleiding: Kennismaking met de psychologie......................................................................................5
1.1. Een definitie van de psychologie.................................................................................................5
1.2. Wetenschappelijke psychologie en intuïtieve mensenkennis......................................................6
1.2.1. Verschillen in het verzamelen van gegevens........................................................................6
1.2.2. Verschillen in het zoeken naar samenhangen.......................................................................6
1.3. Geschiedenis van de psychologie................................................................................................6
1.3.1. De verre voorgeschiedenis....................................................................................................6
1.3.2. De meer directe voorgeschiedenis.......................................................................................7
1.3.3. De psychologie als wetenschap van het bewustzijn.............................................................8
1.3.4. De behavioristische revolutie...............................................................................................9
1.3.5. Nieuwe klemtonen in Europa.............................................................................................10
1.3.6. Amerika en de herontdekking van het innerlijke................................................................10
1.3.7. Hedendaagse stromingen in de psychologie.......................................................................12
2. Het zenuwstelstel. De hardware van het psychisch functioneren....................................................13
3. De waarneming: Constructie van een aangepast wereldbeeld.........................................................13
3.1. Waarnemingsproces in vogelvlucht...........................................................................................13
3.1.1. De lange weg van prikkel tot waarneming..........................................................................13
3.1.2. Drie psychologische activiteiten.........................................................................................16
3.2. Waarnemen is selecteren..........................................................................................................16
3.2.1. De verschillende zintuigen..................................................................................................17
3.2.2. Het waarneembare spectrum.............................................................................................18
3.2.3. De minimumintensiteit van de prikkels..............................................................................19
3.2.4. De differentiële gevoeligheid..............................................................................................20
3.2.5. Selectieve aandacht............................................................................................................20
3.3. Waarnemen is structureren.......................................................................................................21
3.3.1. Figuur en achtergrond (is een gestaltpsychologie).............................................................22
3.3.2. Structureringsfactoren........................................................................................................24
3.3.3. Herkennen van Gestalten...................................................................................................27
3.3.4. Waarnemingsconstanties...................................................................................................28
3.3.5. Waarnemingsillusies...........................................................................................................29
3.3.6. Culturele verschillen in structureringsproces.....................................................................30
3.4. Waarnemen in interpreteren.....................................................................................................30
3.4.1. De rol van vroegere ervaringen..........................................................................................31
3.4.2. De dynamisch – affectieve ingesteldheid............................................................................32
2
, 3.4.3. Invloed vanuit de bredere situatie......................................................................................32
4. Het geheugen...................................................................................................................................33
Persoonlijke reconstructie van het verleden........................................................................................33
4.1. De vele betekenissen van het woord ‘geheugen’......................................................................34
4.1.1. Automatische en bewuste nawerking van geheugeninhouden..........................................35
4.1.2. Verschillen in tijdsduur en capaciteit (zie schema p153)....................................................36
4.2. Inprenting..................................................................................................................................40
4.2.1. Structurering van het materiaal..........................................................................................41
4.2.2. Passende cues of ophaalaanwijzingen................................................................................42
4.3. De latentieperiode.................................................................................................................44
4.3.1. Beschrijving van het vergeetproces....................................................................................45
4.3.2. Waardoor vergeten we?.....................................................................................................46
4.3.3. Vergeten als probleem en als pluspunt..............................................................................47
4.4. De reproductie...........................................................................................................................48
4.4.1. Het oproepen van herinneringen........................................................................................48
4.2.2. Geheugenvorming..............................................................................................................49
Hoofdstuk 5: Leerprocessen.................................................................................................................52
De automatische nawerking van vroegere ervaringen.........................................................................52
5.1. Soorten leerprocessen...............................................................................................................52
5.2. Klassieke conditionering............................................................................................................53
5.2.1. Het eigenlijke conditioneringsproces..................................................................................53
5.2.2 Bijkomende processen.........................................................................................................55
5.2.3. Cognitieve interpretatie klassieke conditionering...............................................................57
5.3. Operante conditionering...........................................................................................................64
5.3.1. Leren door gissen en missen...............................................................................................64
5.3.2. Een cognitieve interpretatie van operant leren..................................................................65
5.3.3. Operante conditioneringsmechanismen.............................................................................67
5.3.4. Pedagogische toepassingen................................................................................................72
5.4. Modeling....................................................................................................................................76
5.5. Priming......................................................................................................................................78
Hoofdstuk 7: motivatie.........................................................................................................................79
De innerlijke sturing van het gedrag.....................................................................................................79
7.1. Precisering van de vraagstelling.................................................................................................79
7.1.1. De complexiteit van de menselijke motivatie.....................................................................79
7.1.2. Hoe psychologen daarmee omgaan....................................................................................81
7.2. Algemene motivatietheorieën...................................................................................................82
3
, 7.2.1. Psychodynamische theorie van Sigmund Freud..................................................................82
7.2.2. De neobehavioristische visie van Hull.................................................................................86
7.2.3. De humanistische behoeftetheorie van Maslow................................................................88
7.2.4. Zelfdeterminantietheorie van Dexi en Ryan.......................................................................90
Hoofdstuk 8. Emoties affectieve reacties die kleur geven aan onze ervaringen...................................93
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................93
8.1. De plaats van emoties in het gedrag..........................................................................................94
8.1.1. Emoties, gevoelens en stemmingen...................................................................................95
8.1.2. Op het snijpunt tussen cognitie en motivatie.....................................................................96
8.2. Autonome lichaamsreactie........................................................................................................98
8.2.2. Biologisch nut autonome lichaamsveranderingen..............................................................98
8.2.3. Stress en stresshantering....................................................................................................99
8.3. Psychologische aspecten.........................................................................................................102
8.3.1. Het belevingsaspect van emoties.....................................................................................103
8.3.2. Expressie van emoties.......................................................................................................103
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lottedeveeuwx. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.96. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
64450 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now