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Samenvatting Ontwikkelingspsychologie
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Ontwikkelingspsychologie1
,Inhoud
1. Bouwstenen voor een levenslooppsychologie....................................................................................5
1.1. Eerste steenlegging: startdefinitie van ontwikkelingspsychologie...............................................5
1.2. Historische bouwstenen: ontwikkelingspsychologie doorheen de tijd........................................5
1.3. Hoekstenen: basisbegrippen en -inzichten..................................................................................5
1.3.3. Differentiatie, integratie en organisatie................................................................................5
1.3.4. structuur vs. Functie.............................................................................................................6
1.3.5. Nature vs. Nurture................................................................................................................6
1.3.6. Continue versus discontinue kijk op ontwikkeling................................................................6
1.4. De dragende muren, enkele fundamentele ontwikkelingspsychologische theorieën.................8
1.4.1. De brede perspectieven binnen de ontwikkelingspsychologie.............................................8
1.4.2. Psychoseksuele ontwikkelingstheorie van Freud..................................................................8
1.4.3. Psychosociale ontwikkelingstheorie (Erikson)....................................................................14
1.4.4. Cognitieve ontwikkelingspsychologie (Piaget)....................................................................16
1.5. Mortel tussen de stenen: methodes van onderzoek in de ontwikkelingspsychologie...............19
1.6. Een eerste blik op het huis van de ontwikkelingspsychologie: samenvattende blik op de
ontwikkeling.....................................................................................................................................19
2. De prenatale ontwikkeling................................................................................................................20
2.1. Lichamelijke en fysiologische ontwikkeling...............................................................................20
2.1.1. De germinale fase of kiemstadium.....................................................................................20
2.1.2. Het embryonale stadium (2 tot 8 weken)...........................................................................20
2.1.3. Het foetale stadium (8-38 weken, tot de geboorte)...........................................................21
2.2. Teratogene invloeden ( DIT STUK OPNIEUW SAMENVATTEN!!!)...............................................22
2.3. Psychologische invloeden..........................................................................................................22
2.4. De bevalling...............................................................................................................................23
3. De babytijd.......................................................................................................................................25
3.1. Biologische ontwikkelingen......................................................................................................25
3.1.1. Neurologische ontwikkeling................................................................................................25
3.1.2. Motoriek.............................................................................................................................25
3.2. Ontwikkeling in waarneming en cognitie...................................................................................29
3.2.1. Waarneming.......................................................................................................................29
3.2.2. Cognitieve ontwikkeling en leerprocessen !!......................................................................30
3.3. Affectieve en sociale ontwikkeling.............................................................................................32
4 De peutertijd.....................................................................................................................................37
4.1. Biologische achtergrond van de ontwikkeling...........................................................................37
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, 4.1.1. Lichamelijke veranderingen................................................................................................37
4.1.2. Evoluties ter hoogte van de hersenen................................................................................37
4.1.3. Zintuigelijke ontwikkeling...................................................................................................38
4.1.4. De slaap..............................................................................................................................38
4.1.5. Ontwikkeling op motorisch vlak..........................................................................................38
4.2. Cognitieve ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................38
4.2.2. Enkele deelterreinen van cognitieve ontwikkeling.............................................................40
4.3. Affectieve en sociale ontwikkeling.........................................................................................42
4.3.1. Psychodynamische kijk (Freud en Erikson).........................................................................42
4.3.2. Affectieve en sociale ontwikkeling van naderbij.................................................................42
Hoofdstuk 5: kleutertijd........................................................................................................................46
5.1. Biologische ontwikkelingen.......................................................................................................46
5.1.1. Lichamelijke veranderingen................................................................................................46
5.1.2. Motorische veranderingen.................................................................................................46
5.2. Ontwikkeling in waarnemen en cognitie...................................................................................47
5.2.1. Denken................................................................................................................................47
5.2.2. Geheugen...........................................................................................................................48
5.2.3. Waarneming.......................................................................................................................49
5.2.4. Fantasie..............................................................................................................................49
5.2.5. Taalontwikkeling.................................................................................................................50
5.3. Affectieve en sociale ontwikkeling.............................................................................................51
5.3.1. Ontwikkeling van het zelfconcept.......................................................................................51
5.3.2. Geslachtsidentiteit..............................................................................................................51
5.3.3. Ontwikkeling van het geweten...........................................................................................52
5.3.4. Sociale ontwikkeling...........................................................................................................53
5.3.5. Emoties...............................................................................................................................53
Hoofdstuk 6: De lagere schoolleeftijd...................................................................................................54
6.1. Biologische achtergrond van de ontwikkeling...........................................................................54
6.1.1. Lichamelijke veranderingen................................................................................................54
6.1.2. Ontwikkelingen op motorisch vlak......................................................................................54
6.2. Cognitieve ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................55
6.2.1. Concreet-operationeel stadium: de misleidende werkelijkheid (7-12 jaar)........................55
6.2.2. Enkele terreinen van cognitieve ontwikkeling....................................................................56
6.3. Affectieve en sociale ontwikkeling.............................................................................................59
6.3.1. Psychodynamische kijk op de socio-emotionele ontwikkeling...........................................59
6.3.2. De affectieve en sociale ontwikkeling van naderbij bekeken..............................................59
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, Hoofdstuk 7: De adolescentie...............................................................................................................59
7.1. Psycho-fysiologische ontwikkeling.............................................................................................60
7.1.1. Fysieke rijping.....................................................................................................................60
7.1.2. Houding adolescent tegenover lichamelijke veranderingen...............................................61
7.2. Cognitieve ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................62
7.2.1. Formeel-operationeel denken............................................................................................62
7.2.2. gevolgen van de mogelijkheid tot formeel denken.............................................................63
7.3. Sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling...............................................................................................64
7.3.1. Identiteitsvorming..............................................................................................................64
7.3.2. Veranderende relaties met ouders en leeftijdsgenoten.....................................................65
Hoofdstuk 8. De volwassenheid...........................................................................................................66
8.1. Lichamelijke ontwikkeling en psychisch welbevinden...............................................................67
8.1.1. Zintuigen.............................................................................................................................67
8.1.2. Motoriek en fitheid.............................................................................................................67
8.1.3. Het vrouwelijk climacterium en de menopauze.................................................................67
8.1.4. Een mannelijk climacterium?..............................................................................................68
8.2. Cognitieve ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................69
8.2.1. Postformeel denken............................................................................................................69
8.2.2. Evolutie van de intelligentie................................................................................................69
Hoofdstuk 9. De ouderdom..................................................................................................................70
9.1. Lichamelijke ontwikkeling en psychisch welbevinden...............................................................70
9.1.1. Toegenomen levensverwachting (westerste wereld).........................................................70
9.1.2. Lichamelijke veranderingen................................................................................................71
9.2. Cognitieve ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................72
9.2.1. Intelligentie bij ouderen......................................................................................................72
9.2.2. Het geheugen.....................................................................................................................73
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