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Samenvatting Onderzoeksvaardigheden
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Onderzoeksvaardigheden2019-2020
1bao
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1. Wetenschappelijk verantwoord onderzoek........................................................................................5
1.1. Wetenschappelijk verantwoord onderzoek.................................................................................5
1.2. Soorten onderzoek......................................................................................................................7
1.2.1. Verschillende doelen............................................................................................................7
1.2.2. Verschillende grondvormen: kwantitatief en kwalitatief onderzoek....................................9
1.2.3. Verschillende tijdsperspectieven........................................................................................10
1.3. Eisen aan onderzoek..................................................................................................................10
1.3.1. Wetenschappelijke eisen....................................................................................................10
1.3.2. Ethische eisen.....................................................................................................................14
1.3.3. Praktische eisen..................................................................................................................15
1.4. Het onderzoeksproces...............................................................................................................15
Hoofdstuk 2: Het onderzoeksplan........................................................................................................16
2.1 De probleemstelling....................................................................................................................17
2.1.1. De aanleiding......................................................................................................................17
2.1.2. De doelstelling....................................................................................................................18
2.1.3. De afbakening van het onderwerp en de doelgroep...........................................................18
2.1.4. Onderzoeksvragen..............................................................................................................20
2.2. Bepalen van de grondvorm: de keuze voor kwantitatief of kwalitatief onderzoek...................33
2.2.1. De keuze bij verklarende onderzoeksvragen......................................................................33
2.2.2. De keuze bij beschrijvende onderzoeksvragen...................................................................34
2.3. Het onderzoeksontwerp (doe je via waarnemen).....................................................................36
2.3.1. Wat waarnemen?...............................................................................................................37
2.3.2. Wie waarnemen?................................................................................................................38
2.3.3. Hoe waarnemen?................................................................................................................39
2.4. Een vooruitblik op de volgende stappen in het onderzoeksproces...........................................41
2.4.1. Verschillen in de dataverzameling......................................................................................41
2.4.2. Verschillen in de data-analyse en rapportage.....................................................................41
Hoofdstuk 3: Steekproeftrekking..........................................................................................................42
3.1. Basisbegrippen: onderzoekseenheden, populatie en steekproef..............................................43
3.2. Aselecte steekproeven...............................................................................................................48
3.2.2. Types...................................................................................................................................49
3.2.3. Externe validiteit.................................................................................................................53
3.2.4. Responsmaximalisatie........................................................................................................56
3.3. Niet-theoretisch selecte steekproeven......................................................................................56
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, 3.3.2. Types...................................................................................................................................57
3.3.3. Externe validiteit.................................................................................................................58
3.4. Theoretisch selecte steekproeven.............................................................................................59
3.4.2. Types...................................................................................................................................59
3.4.3. Externe validiteit.................................................................................................................61
Hoofstuk 4: Kwantitatief onderzoek via enquêtes................................................................................62
4.1. Kwantitatieve onderzoeksmethoden.........................................................................................62
4.2. Operationaliseren van kenmerken:: van onderzoeksvraag naar enquête.................................63
4.2.1. Stap 1: Bepaal de variabelen in de onderzoeksvraag of hypothese....................................64
4.2.2. stap 2: Definieer de variabelen...........................................................................................66
4.3. Een enquête opstellen...............................................................................................................72
4.3.1. Soorten enquêtevragen......................................................................................................72
4.3.2. Vragen stellen.....................................................................................................................74
4.3.3. Antwoordmogelijkheden formuleren.................................................................................76
4.3.4. Opbouw vragenlijst.............................................................................................................79
4.4. Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit van het dataverzamelingsinstrument........................................80
4.4.1. Betrouwbaarheid................................................................................................................81
4.4.2. Validiteit.............................................................................................................................81
4.5. Afname van enquêtes................................................................................................................81
Hoofdstuk 5: Data-analyse in kwantitatief onderzoek..........................................................................83
5.1. Voorbereiding van de data-analyse...........................................................................................84
5.1.1. Codering van blanco enquêtes............................................................................................86
5.1.2. Een codeboek opstellen......................................................................................................87
5.1.3. Een datamatrix opstellen....................................................................................................88
5.1.4. Variabelen en hun meetniveaus.........................................................................................89
5.2. Beschrijving van afzonderlijke variabelen..................................................................................95
5.2.1. Frequentietabellen.............................................................................................................95
5.2.2. Grafieken..........................................................................................................................100
5.2.3. Centrum-en spreidingsmaten...........................................................................................103
5.3. Beschrijving van een combinatie van variabelen.....................................................................116
5.3.1. Kruistabellen.....................................................................................................................117
5.2.3. Correlatietabellen.............................................................................................................126
5.3.3. Grafieken..........................................................................................................................129
Hoofstuk 6: Kwalitatief onderzoek via interviews en focusgroepen...................................................131
........................................................................................................................................................132
6.1. Het onderzoeksproces is kwalitatief onderzoek......................................................................132
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, 6.2. Kwalitatieve onderzoeksmethoden.........................................................................................135
6.2.1. Een korte omschrijving van enkele methoden..................................................................135
6.2.2. De keuze tussen de methoden.........................................................................................136
6.3. Interviews................................................................................................................................138
6.3.1. Soorten interviews............................................................................................................138
6.3.2. Interviews voorbereiden...................................................................................................140
6.4. Focusgroepen..........................................................................................................................142
6.4.1. Focusgroepen voorbereiden.............................................................................................143
Hoofdstuk 7: data-analyse in kwalitatief onderzoek..........................................................................146
7.6. Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit in kwalitatief onderzoek..........................................................146
7.6.1. Betrouwbaarheid..............................................................................................................146
7.6.2. Validiteit...........................................................................................................................146
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