answeredgtnurs 364 study guide for final exam neuro
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Study Guide for Final Exam: Neuro, GI, Skin, Reproductive
Study Guide for Final Exam: Neuro, GI,
Skin, Reproductive
Neurological
1. What is the difference between an ischemic and a hemorrhagic stroke? Which is
more common?
a. Similar s/s regardless of type of stroke, however it is important to determine
the type of stroke because treatments are vastly different for ischemic vs.
hemorrhagic
b. Ischemic Hemorrhagic
2. What is the difference between the infarct zone and the ischemic penumbra in a stroke?
a. Infarct zone
i. Region of ischemic damage; ischemia and reperfusion injury is
accompanied by an inflammatory response
b. Ischemic penumbra
i. Hypoperfused tissue surrounding the ischemic core in which blood flow is
too low to maintain electric activity but sufficient to preserve ion channels
3. Describe the difference between a focal and a generalized seizure, what are some types
of each? In particular, what is a tonic-clonic seizure? What does tonic refer to and what
does clonic refer to?
a. Focal: Arise from a neuronal area localized to one hemisphere
i. Simple: Does not lose consciousness, symptoms depend on location
ii. Complex: Altered level of consciousness or lose consciousness with
cognitive, affective, and psychomotor symptoms
b. Generalized: Arise within a hemisphere and rapidly involve neurons across
both hemispheres
i. Absence: Brief lapse of consciousness
ii. Tonic-clonic: Loses consciousness and rhythmic jerking
movements and stiffening of muscles
1. Tonic: Stiffening of muscles
2. Clonic: Rhythmic jerking movement
iii. Atonic: Loses muscle tone
iv. Myoclonic: Brief, shock-like jerks of muscles-rapid alternating contraction
and relaxation
4. What is an aura with seizures?
a. Perception of strange light, unpleasant smell, confusing thoughts, etc.
5. What is the pathology of Alzheimer disease? Describe the manifestations.
a. Patho
i. Mutation for encoding amyloid precursor protein
ii. Alteration in apolipoprotein E
iii. Loss of neurotransmitter stimulation of choline acetyltransferase
iv. Hallmarks of AD: Plaques and Tangle
v. The brains of people with AD have an abundance of two
abnormal structures:
,Study Guide for Final Exam: Neuro, GI, Skin, Reproductive
1. Beta-amyloid plaques:
, Study Guide for Final Exam: Neuro, GI, Skin, Reproductive
a. Dense deposits of protein and cellular material that
accumulate outside and around nerve cells
b. Disrupts neurons affecting the hippocampus and other
areas of the cerebral cortex
i. Neurofibrillary Tangles
c. Tau protein
d. Microtubules to collapse
e. Tau proteins clump together to form neurofibrillary
tangles inside the neurons
b. Manifestations
i. Stage 1: 2-4 years, short term memory loss of significant issues
ii. Stage 2 (confusional stage): Emotional upset, disorientation,
confusion, lack of concentration, decline in abstraction, problem
solving, and judgement, swearing
iii. Stage 3 (terminal stage): Usually 1-2 years, becomes incapable of self-care
6. What is the role of dopamine in the body? What leads to the decreased levels of
dopamine in Parkinson disease? What are the manifestations of Parkinson
disease?
a. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and is normal opposed by acetylcholine;
when dopamine levels are reduced, the balance with acetylcholine is affected
b. Primary change is degeneration of nigrostriatal pathway with loss of dopamine
producing cells in substantial nigra
i. Normally, cells of substantia nigra synthesize dopamine and the axons
of the substantia nigra (which form the nigrostriatal pathway) supplies
dopamine to the striatum
c. Manifestations
i. Cardinal
1. Tremor: often described as “pill rolling”
ii. Rigidity: Resistance to passive movement and involves jerky,
cogwheel- type, or ratchetlike movements
1. Bradykinesia: slowed movement
iii. Other manifestations
1. Postural instability
2. Stiff facial expressions “Mask-like”
iv. Tongue, palate, and throat muscles may become rigid with drooling
v. Slow, poorly articulated speech
1. Mood disorders: such as depression are may occur
2. Cognitive dysfunction and dementia may occur
7. What neurons are affected by Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? What is the typical cause
of death in someone with ALS?
a. Only motor neurons are affected
b. Respiratory muscle weakness
i. Respiratory failure usually causes death within 3 years of diagnosis
8. Describe the pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. What is the usual role of
myelin? What happens when neurons are demyelinated?
a. Patho:
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