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Summary BLGY1211 Applied Biology and Agriculture $7.25   Add to cart

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Summary BLGY1211 Applied Biology and Agriculture

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Detailed summary notes of the entire module, containing every bit of information that you'll need for the exams and coursework assignments.

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  • February 21, 2022
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  • 2018/2019
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BLGY1211
BLGY1211 Domestication and Agriculture

A brief history of domestication and agriculture




 The earliest farmers worked longer hours, were malnourished, smaller and more
diseased than hunter-gatherers  only in the long run has technology made our
lives more “comfortable” than hunter-gatherers  We still work harder, and are
probably less happy
 Food production could not have arisen through a conscious decision as the first
farmers had no model to observe so wouldn’t know consequences  only people
who could make a conscious choice about becoming farmers ere hunter-gatherers
living adjacent to the first farming communities and they generally disliked what
they saw and rejected farming
 To switch to an agricultural life style both opportunity (domestication of crop
species) and motive (agricultural lifestyle had to outcompete H-G lifestyle)
 Possible tipping points; expanding population, diminishing prey, unpredictable
climate, local depletion of resources
 Once the transition is made competitive advantages accrue (auto-catalytic)
 The transition is generally irreversible because population density increases
 Around 10 independent centres of domestication (this doesn’t equal fertile areas
rather the natural range of easily-domesticated species)
 Early adoption of agriculture directly correlated with number and productivity of
domesticable crops




Proto-domestication
 H-G societies gained experience of managing plants and animals
 Dogs are earliest known domesticate
 Management of plants and animals are likely pre-requisite for domestication

,  Increasingly sedentary lifestyle also pre-requisite

Domestication
 Domestication is a sustained multigenerational, mutualistic relationship in which one
organism assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care
of another organism in order to secure a more predictable supply of a resource of
interest and through which the partner organism gains advantage over individuals
that remain outside this relationship thereby benefitting and often increasing the
fitness of both the domesticator and the target domesticate
 Domestication is at the core of the switch to an agricultural lifestyle
 Domestication (eventually) allowed farming to outcompete hunting/gathering
 The key signature of domestication is the genetic change in a species relative to its
wild ancestors
 400,000 species of plant – only around 200 domesticated
 Includes ‘commodity crops’ – flax, cotton, tobacco, coffee, tea, sugar cane
 12 plants provide 80% of the world’s food crop yield
 Many millions of species of animal – less than 50 domesticated
 ~25 used for food (inc. honeybee), or mixed use
 6 used primarily for transport, labour or materials (inc. silkworm)
 Others mainly companions/pets (inc. dogs, cats)
 Ideal plants or domestication; edible, nutritious and high yielding in the wild, easily
grown from seed, fast-growing annuals, storable, self-pollinating, einkoen wheat,
emmer wheat, barley, rice, lentils, pea, chickpea, beans, peanuts
 Few plants as; there aren’t many easy-to-domesticate plants, the most suitable
plants were the first ones to be domesticated, sub-optimal crops were also
domesticated – but much more slowly, anything with multiple disadvantages unlikely
to be domesticated
 Ideal animals for domestication; big, simple diet (no carnivores or fussy eaters),
breeds in captivity, fast-growing, not overly violent, not overly flighty, social
structure – herding instinct, dominance hierarchy
 Few animals as; 148 species of big mammal, only ~15 domesticated, most of these
domesticated by 2500 BC, cows & pigs domesticated independently in multiple
places, other large mammals have major disadvantages that prevent domestication –
even now, smaller mammals, and birds, were also domesticated, but primarily in
societies that lacked domesticated large mammals, same principles apply – few are
actually suitable for domestication

Agriculture ≠ domestication
 Agriculture is not a necessary outcome of domestication
 Often thousands of years between initial domestication and fully-fledged agriculture
 Transition period between H-G and agriculture based on exploiting a broad spectrum
of resources
 Furthers the trend towards sedentary lifestyle

Transitions: the fertile crescent
 8 crops domesticated – some with high protein levels
 4 animals domesticated – protein, labour, transport, clothing

,  Broadest domestication event - ‘a complete package’
 The crops are highly productive and easily cultivated
 Evidence for settled H-G villages pre-dating agriculture
 Relative paucity of big game animals, and aquatic environments for fishing
 Agriculture was very competitive with H-G lifestyle. Small ‘hunger gap’
 Once domestication occurred, agriculture was quickly adopted
 Transition may have been relatively seamless




Transitions: the Americas
 Mississippi basin: goosefoot, knotweed, artichoke, sunflower
 Mesoamerica: (early) maize, beans (x3), squash (late) turkey, tomato
 Amazonia: cassava, peanut
 Andes: potato, sweet potato, quinoa, lima bean, llama, alpaca, guinea pig
 Multiple sites of domestication
 Paucity of easily domesticable species
 Relatively low potential of those that were – even maize
 No balanced package anywhere
 Even when domestication occurred, agriculture was not immediately viable




 Americas settled ~20-15,000 years ago
 Initially abundant large game species rapidly declined
 Should have made agriculture much more appealing!
 Lack of suitable crops led to late adoption of agriculture
 Large ‘hunger gap’ needed before eventual adoption

Food
 Astonishing (if unsustainable) yields of crops worldwide
 Overall increase in yield of 138% in the last 50 years
 In developed countries an extraordinary confluence of farming, science, technology,
distribution and retail
 There is no such thing as a ‘post-agricultural’ society

, Jobs
 Early farming allowed increased population density and habitation
 Gradual improvements in yield generated reliable surpluses
 More people could be fed than are needed to produce food
 Allowed development of specialist occupations

Technology
 Simple technologies predated agriculture
 Intensification of agriculture drove many technological innovations
 Specialization in society allowed these innovations to be refined
 Specialist trades also gave rise to their own innovations
 ‘Technological spiral’

Culture
 Culture and religion also predate agriculture
 Increasing population/urbanization resulted in the intensification of socio-cultural
experience
 Agricultural surpluses allowed societies to sustain priests, artists, philosophers
 Customs and religions increase social cohesion

Government
 As societies grow and increase in complexity, government became necessary
 Governments are delegated (initially) control of agricultural and labour surpluses
 Writing systems arose as a bureaucratic tool to manage resources
 Allowed institutionalization of warfare

The broadest patterns of history
 Agricultural societies exponentially accrue the ‘benefits’ of technology, culture and
governance  at any point in time, the societies that adopted agriculture early will
be more ‘advanced’  early-adopting societies will outcompete late-adopting
societies  The bigger the head-start, the more unequal the competition is
 Agriculture was adopted earliest in Eurasia  the general course of world history
was effectively determined by this
 The spread of farming and culture;
 Eurasia’s predominant east-west axis facilitated the spread of farming,
technology, culture, ideas and writing

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