Samenvatting zaakvakken toets pabo: natuur en techniek
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Course
Natuur & Techniek
Institution
Hogeschool Leiden (HSL)
Book
Natuur en techniek geven
Een uitgebreide samenvatting van natuur en techniek waar alle hoofdthema's, deelonderwerpen en begrippen in voorkomen met handige en duidelijke beeldvormers!
, Bloedplaatjes ................................................................................................................................. 23
Bloedplasma .................................................................................................................................. 23
Bloedsomloop.................................................................................................................................... 23
Hart ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Hartslag.......................................................................................................................................... 23
Bloedvaten..................................................................................................................................... 23
Slagaders ................................................................................................................................... 23
Aders.......................................................................................................................................... 23
Kransslagaders ........................................................................................................................... 23
Haarvaten .................................................................................................................................. 23
Bloedgroepen .................................................................................................................................... 24
Resusfactor ................................................................................................................................ 24
Ademhaling ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Borstademhaling ....................................................................................................................... 24
Buikademhaling ......................................................................................................................... 24
Longen ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Middenrif (diafragma) ................................................................................................................... 24
Spijsvertering ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Eerste fase van voedselvertering .................................................................................................. 25
De weg van het voedsel................................................................................................................. 25
Zintuigen ............................................................................................................................................ 25
Werking van het oog ..................................................................................................................... 25
Werking van het oor ...................................................................................................................... 26
Ruiken en proeven......................................................................................................................... 26
Reflexen ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Voortplanting .................................................................................................................................... 26
Erfelijkheid..................................................................................................................................... 26
Geslachtschromosomen ............................................................................................................ 26
Seksuele ontwikkeling van kinderen ................................................................................................. 26
Immuunsysteem ................................................................................................................................ 27
Antibiotica ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Inenten .......................................................................................................................................... 27
Voedsel .............................................................................................................................................. 27
Schijf van vijf .................................................................................................................................. 27
Materialen en verschijnselen ................................................................................................................ 28
Atomen en moleculen ................................................................................................................... 28
4
, Aggregatiefasen ............................................................................................................................. 28
Massa, volume en dichtheid.......................................................................................................... 28
Massa......................................................................................................................................... 28
Volume ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Dichtheid ................................................................................................................................... 28
Drijven en zinken ........................................................................................................................... 28
Wet van Archimedes ..................................................................................................................... 28
Oppervlaktespanning .................................................................................................................... 29
Zwaartekracht ............................................................................................................................... 29
Magnetisme....................................................................................................................................... 29
Magnetisch veld ........................................................................................................................ 30
Energie ............................................................................................................................................... 30
Stroming, geleiding of straling....................................................................................................... 30
Stroming .................................................................................................................................... 30
Geleiding.................................................................................................................................... 30
Straling....................................................................................................................................... 30
Elektriciteit ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Stroomkring ................................................................................................................................... 30
Elektrische stroom ..................................................................................................................... 30
Statische elektriciteit ................................................................................................................. 31
Licht ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Weerkaatsing en absorptie ........................................................................................................... 31
Breking van licht ............................................................................................................................ 31
Geluid ................................................................................................................................................ 32
Geluidssterkte ............................................................................................................................... 32
Lucht .................................................................................................................................................. 32
Luchtdruk....................................................................................................................................... 32
Heelal, weer en seizoenen .................................................................................................................... 33
Zonnestelsel ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Planeten......................................................................................................................................... 33
Meteoroïden, meteoren en meteorieten ..................................................................................... 33
De zon ................................................................................................................................................ 33
Kernfusie........................................................................................................................................ 33
De aarde ............................................................................................................................................ 34
De dampkring ................................................................................................................................ 34
Koolstofdioxide .............................................................................................................................. 34
5
, Ozon O3.......................................................................................................................................... 34
De maan ............................................................................................................................................ 34
Eigenschappen van de maan ......................................................................................................... 34
Maancyclus .................................................................................................................................... 34
Eb en vloed .................................................................................................................................... 34
Zonsverduistering en maanverduistering ..................................................................................... 34
Maanverduistering .................................................................................................................... 34
Zonsverduistering ...................................................................................................................... 35
Seizoenen .......................................................................................................................................... 35
Tijdzondes ..................................................................................................................................... 35
Klimaat............................................................................................................................................... 35
Invloed van de mens op klimaat.................................................................................................... 36
Het weer ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Neerslag ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Wolken .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Onweer .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Wind .............................................................................................................................................. 36
Isobaren ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Luchtdruk................................................................................................................................... 37
Storm ......................................................................................................................................... 37
Techniek 1: constructie en transport .................................................................................................... 38
Structuren en constructies ................................................................................................................ 38
Materialen ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Verbindingen en vormen................................................................................................................... 38
Materiaalverbindingen .................................................................................................................. 38
Vormverbindingen......................................................................................................................... 38
Voorwerpverbindingen ................................................................................................................. 38
Vormen .......................................................................................................................................... 38
Driehoeksvorm .......................................................................................................................... 38
Bogen ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Piramidevorm ............................................................................................................................ 39
Profielen .................................................................................................................................... 39
Overbrenging en beweging ............................................................................................................... 39
Wielen ........................................................................................................................................... 39
Tandwielen .................................................................................................................................... 39
Hefbomen .......................................................................................................................................... 39
6
, Kartrollen ........................................................................................................................................... 39
Vaste katrol.................................................................................................................................... 39
Losse katrol.................................................................................................................................... 39
Takel: vaste en losse katrol samen ................................................................................................ 39
Combinatie van een vaste en twee losse katrollen ....................................................................... 40
Pneumatisch systeem........................................................................................................................ 40
Hydraulische systeem........................................................................................................................ 40
Techniek 2: energie, productie en communicatie ................................................................................. 40
Energie ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Energievormen .................................................................................................................................. 40
Stralingsenergie ............................................................................................................................. 40
Chemische energie en bewegingsenergie ..................................................................................... 40
Atoomenergie................................................................................................................................ 41
Elektriciteitsproductie ....................................................................................................................... 41
Duurzame energie ......................................................................................................................... 41
Informatie- en communicatietechnologie ........................................................................................ 41
binair tellen ................................................................................................................................... 41
Sensoren ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Computers ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Database ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Internet .......................................................................................................................................... 41
Navigeren ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Routenavigatie (GPS) ..................................................................................................................... 42
Technologische systemen ................................................................................................................. 42
Standaardisatie .............................................................................................................................. 42
Grandstoffen, halffabricaten en eindproducten ........................................................................... 42
7
,Plantenrijk
Systematiek bij planten
Schimmels:
Kenmerken:
- Hebben een celkern
- Hebben een celwand
- Hebben geen bladgroenkorrels
- Voorplanting via sporen
- Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting
Eencellige schimmels; gisten (alcohol en brood)
Schimmel zonder paddenstoel:
- Deze schimmels leiden meestal een verborgen bestaan. Ze worden vaak zichtbaar als ze
sporen vormen (bv. beschimmelde boterham)
Schimmels met paddenstoel:
- Buisjeszwammen
- Plaatjeszwammen
- Stuifzwammen
Paddenstoel
- De paddenstoel is niet de
schimmel, vruchtlichaam is alleen Plaatjeszwam Buisjeszwam
voor voorplanting
- Het organisme zit onder de grond; meercellige schimmels
bestaan uit draden, de hyfen. Deze vormen een groot
netwerk, het mycelium.
Stuifzwam
8
, Planten
Kenmerken:
- Hebben een celkern
- Hebben een celwand van
cellulose
- Hebben een vacuole
- Hebben bladgroenkorrels
- Ze doen aan fotosynthese
Wieren en algen
- Behoren tot de planten ode de eencelligen
- Eenvoudige bouw
- Onderscheiden zich van andere plantengroepen doordat de geen echte wortels stengels en
bladeren hebben.
- Wieren en algen zijn in staat tot fotosynthese
- Voornamelijk in water levend:
- Algen vooral zoetwater
- Wieren vooral zoutwater
Korstmossen
Is geen mos, een symbiose van twee organisme:
tussen een alg en een schimmel. De alg; levert
voedingstoffen voor de schimmel. Schimmel;
beschermt de alg tegen uitdroging.
- Langzame groeiers (kunnen tegen
extreme klimaatomstandigheden)
- Geenechte wortels, stengels, bladeren,
geen zichtbare schimmel vruchtorgaan zoals paddenstoelen
- De alg van deze symbiose is in staat tot fotosynthese doordat de alg bladgroenkorrels heeft
hierdoor vindt ook fotosynthese plaats.
Sporenplanten
Mossen
- Planten zich voort door middel van
sporen (geslachtelijk)
- Hechtwortels geen echte wortels
- Geen vaten (transport van cel naar cel)
Paardenstaarten Mossen
- Planten zich voort door middel van
Paardenstaart
sporen
- Ze hebben vaten voor transport (vaatbundels)
- Wortels, bladeren en stengels zijn beschermd met wasachtige laat die uitdroging tegengaat
- Zijn aangepast aan droger landleven dan mossen
9
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