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Samenvatting 21e eeuw en de moderne mens college 2 + repko 2 clip + papers
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Repko 2 clipCommon ground = gedeelde basis tussen conflicterende disciplinaire inzichten/theorieën die
integratie mogelijk maken
Hoe kun je common ground vinden:
1. Herdefinitie: definitie concept aanpassen om betekenis te vinden die aansluit bij 2+
disciplines, want zelfde concepten kunnen soms naar 2 verschillende dingen
verwijzen of 1 woord kan 2 dingen betekenen
2. Extensie: theorie verder uitbreiden door elementen uit andere disciplines toe te
voegen. Nieuwe theorie is dan common ground
3. Organisatie: weergeven van relaties/interacties tussen de concepten uit
verschillende disciplines
4. Transformatie: plaats tegenstrijdige concepten op een continuüm of schaal, wanneer
disciplines concepten hebben die lijnrecht tegenover elkaar staan. De nieuwe
variabele is de common ground
College 2.1
Waarom gebruiken we sociale media gebruiken
- Verbondenheid
- Reputatie management: vergroot je mogelijkheden/kans op overleven
Fundamentele social drive: need to belong
Hoe krijg je need to belong fulfilled?
- Broadcast: personal or not self-referential (mentalizing & self-referential)
- Receive feedback: comment/like/subscribe (self-referential)
- Observe (mentalizing)
- Provide feedback: private/public (mentalizing & self-referential)
- Compare: users’ broadcast/feedback vs. others’ broadcast/feedback or descriptive
info such as followers (self-referential)
3 aspecten van cognitive in deze gedragingen:
- Mentalizing
- Sel-referential
- Social reward (belangrijkste): likes/subscribes/comments
Reinforcement learning: maximize average net reward by balancing effort costs of
responding and opportunity cost of time
In words: balance effort op posting potential of missing a reward while keeping in mind your
history of rewards
Wat is belangrijk:
- Geschiedenis van beloning
- Hoeveel moeite het kost om iets te posten
- Hoe groot de kans is dat je iets mist?
Verwachting: tijd tussen posts wordt verkort als je meer beloningen ontving in het verleden
(likes) – dit klopt
Dus: beloningen omhoog tijd tussen posts omhoog
Waarom gaat info viraal?
Presence of moral emotions would increase likelihood of viral
Moral language no effect on viral
Moral-emotional language large effect on viral
, Words that increase likelihood viral the most: attack, bad, blame, care, destroy, fight, hate,
kill, murder, peace
No negativity bias in viral effect
Type of topic moderates effect of type of language on viral
Gun control:
- Both positive/negative moral-emotional language increase in viral
- Same-sex marriage: positive “ strong increase, negative “ slight decrease
- Climate change: only negative “ viral
Word ‘sadness’ decreases viral
Tussen links en rechts heel weinig RT’s, alleen RT binnen groep, niet tussen groepen
Moral-emotional words only RTd within group
No specific emotion is related to increase in RTs
Moral contagion: diffusion of moralized information on basis of social-appraisal processes
Het is niet dat je de emotie zelf ook voelt maar meer de symbolische representatie van de
emotie
MAD-model of moral contagion SS:
- Motivation (to spread moral-emotional language): need to belong and maintain
group identity, simply browsing feed creates identity. When threat from other group,
use moral emotional language:
o Inter-group-identity based motivation: je eigen groep in beter daglicht stellen
o Intra-group-identity based motivation: jij als groepslicht in positief daglicht
zetten om tot groep te behoren
- Attention: moral emotional language more attention grasping than neutral language
- Design: symbolic representation of emotion, rapid response options, reduced
personal costs
Interaction between motivation/design:
- Groups are salient in online world
- Social media amplifies deindividuation
- Feedback increases group norm conformity: social reward & internalization
Interaction between attention design:
- Algorithm as external attentional filter
- Notification (rewards) to maintain attention
Social media:
- Positive consequences: increased awareness, knowledge, protests collective
action
- Negative consequences: reducing actual engagement with moral topics,
misinformation online mobbing offline action
College 2.2
Filterbubbel: alle nieuws bepaald door salaris, waar je woont, wie je vrienden zijn
Filterbubbels bestaan al lang
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