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NUR 2063 Module 7, 8, 9 Focused Review 2020/2021 (100% VERIFIED)
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, NUR 2063 Module 7, 8, 9 Focused Review 2020/2021(100% VERIFIED)
• Brain abscess s/s (infection, pus)
Signs of infectious etiology, localized collection of pus
-Stiff neck, headache, intracranial pressure, change in LOC, vision/speech/behavior
changes
• Priority assessments
ABC’s (airway, breathing/respiratory, circulation/cardiovascular), level of consciousness
• Glascow coma scale
Used to assess LOC in acutely brain-injured patients, eye opening/arousal-directed
responses/motor reactions, under 8 is severe, over 12 is mild
• Mechanisms of spinal cord injuries
Hyperflexion (forward), hyperextension (backward), compression
• Decorticate vs decerebrate posturing
Decorticate=abnormal flexor (arms/hands up on chest), decerebrate=abnormal extension
(arms/hands at sides)
• Meningitis (S.P. bacteria in CNS)
-Bacteria usually reach the CNS via the bloodstream or extension from cranial structures
like sinuses or ears.
-Most common bacteria are Streptococcus pneumoniae.
-Bacteria invade leptomeninges; accumulation of inflammatory exudate can result in
obstructive hydrocephalus (excess fluid in head).
-Classic presentations: headache, fever, stiff neck (meningismus), and signs of cerebral
dysfunction (confusion, delirium)
• Types of traumatic brain injuries
LOCATION: Primary=focal (coup), polar (coup countercoup)(acceleration/deceleration,
injury to polar sides), diffuse (widespread)
MECHANISM: Concussion, contusion, intracranial hematomas=epidural, subdural,
subarachnoid
SEVERITY: Secondary Injury=ischemia (decreased blood flow), hypoxic events
(decreased blood oxygenation), vasogenic/neurogenic edema
• Focal (coup) brain injuries
-Localized to site of impact
-Decreased LOC, muscle weakness, cranial nerve dysfunction
• Difference between hemorrhagic stroke and thrombotic/embolic stroke (ischemic) as
well as diagnosis
-Ischemic strokes result from sudden occlusion of a cerebral artery secondary to
thrombus formation or embolization
-Thrombotic strokes associated with atherosclerosis and coagulopathies- clot traveled to
brain
-Hemorrhage within the brain parenchyma , usually occurs secondary to severe, chronic
hypertension (secondary injury, morbidity much higher)
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