NR 304 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE
Breast and Axillae
Structure and Function
-Purpose: production of milk and sexual pleasure
-Cooper’s Ligaments: “coopers droppers” breast stretch as you age (ligaments lengthen
and stretch)
-Four quadrants of the breast (face of clock)
-Tail of spence: up by the axillary, check for lumps
-Where breast cancer is usually found
-Palpate all the lymph nodes
-Central (axillary)
-Pectoral (anterior)
-Subscapular (posterior)
-Lateral (brachial)
Breast History
-Is it cyclic? Does it occur around the same time? Example: every time a woman gets her period
she gets breast pain.
-Caffeine contribute to pain
-Skin Rash: where did it start? From the nipple out? Or the skin towards the nipple?
Paget’s Disease: nipple is red, scaly, and itchy, spreading off of nipple
Galactorrhea: discharge
-Yellow discharge: clostridium (normal for pregnant)
-Bloody nipple discharge: cancer
-Grayish discharge: clogged duct from milk
Development: Childhood
-Newborns: breasts may be enlarged at birth due to mom’s hormones (witch’s milk)
-Adolescence: tanner 2-5 about 3 years
-Stage 1) preadolescent stage: before age 10, nipple small, slightly raised
-Stage 2) Breast bud stages: after age 10, nipple and breast form small mound
-Stage 3) Menarche begins (first period), breast bud will enlarge
-Stage 4) Late adolescent stage (14-17 years)
Pregnancy
Non-pregnant breast
-3-4 days before period: full, tight, heavy, sore
-4-7 days after period: least full, least nodular
Pregnant breast
-Ductal system expansion, secretory alveoli
-Nipples/areola large and dark, venous pattern
, -Colostrum (4th month) thick yellow protein rich
Cultural Considerations
-African-American girls begin puberty 1-1.5 years earlier than Caucasian
-Menses: African-American girls 8.87 years compared to 10 years for Caucasian
-Puberty began before 8 years highest in Hispanics
Breast Exam: Inspection
-Skin: color, texture, temperature, appearance, dimpling, nipple retraction
-One breast usually bigger than the other
-Supernumerary Nipples: normal variant
Supernumerary Nipples
-Normal variant along tract of mammary ridge
-3rd Nipple
Abnormalities
Peau cl’orange: porous, orange looking, big sign of breast cancer
Gynecomastia: enlargement of breasts (male) usually due to testosterone decrease from cirrhosis,
testicular tumor, DM, pituitary tumor, alcoholism, obesity
Risk Factors for Breast CA
-50 years or older
-BRCA 1 and 2 genes
-First degree relative
-Menstruation less than 12 yr
, -Menopause greater than 55 yr
-Never breast feed
-Nulliparity (never having a child) or first child greater than 30
Breast Abnormalities
Fibrocystic: (benign)
-20-35 “water balloons” that change size/shape with monthly hormones, can be painful
-Wear supportive bra
-Decrease caffeine, low fat diet, decrease smoking
Fibroadenoma (benign)
-Very common “lump” found in younger women 18-25, rapid growing “lump” firm,
smooth, painless, moveable-frequent biopsies
Mammary Duct Ectasia (benign)
-Ducts get wide and full of old cells, dried colostrum-pain, hard lump, with pasty colored
discharge, often nipple retraction
Cancer
-Pucker, pull, skin change, discharge
-Can be contained or spreading
Intraductal Papilloma
-Starts in duct and moves outward
-Blood tinged discharge
Paget’s
-Skin changes with scaling, redness, pain, nipple changes, from inside to out, length of
breast, malignant
Female Reproductive System
External Genitalia
-Mons Pubis: adipose tissue covering the symphysis (hair in mature female), protects
reproductive structures
-Clitoris: small, elongated mound of erectile tissue
-Labia: dual set of lip-like structures on either side
-Labia Majora: cover external genitalia
-Labia Minora: overlie the vaginal and urethral openings
Skene’s Gland: paraurethal gland
-Located posterior to urethral orifice
-Has higher pH value to decrease bacteria, cleans urethra
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ATIHUB. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.