NR 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE VERSION 1 / NR507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE VERSION 1:NEWEST-2022,CHAMBERLAIN
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Course
NR 507 (NR507)
Institution
Chamberlain College Of Nursing
NR 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE VERSION 1 / NR507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE VERSION 1:NEWEST-2022,CHAMBERLAINNR 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE VERSION 1 / NR507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE VERSION 1:NEWEST-2022,CHAMBERLAINNR 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE VERSION 1 / NR507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE VERSION 1:NEWEST-202...
Chapters 1-5, 11-14, 16-20, 21-25, 27-3-33, 34-39, 40-47
1. Types of immunity-e.g. innate, active, etc (ch 7 ,191)
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and
inflammation Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and
biochemical barriers at the body’s surfaces and are in place at birth to
prevent damage by substances in the environment and thwart infection
by pathogenic microorganisms.
the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation confer innate resistance
and protection, commonly referred to as innate, native,
or natural immunity. Inflammation associated with infection usually
initiates an adaptive process that results in a long-term and very
effective immunity to the infecting microorganism, referred to
as adaptive, acquired, or specific immunity.
Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and
more rapidly targets and eradicates a second infection with a
particular disease-causing microorganism.
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and
inflammation. Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and
biochemical barriers at the body’s surfaces and are in place at birth to
prevent damage by substances in the environment and thwart infection
by pathogenic microorganisms
INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE
INFLAMMATO (ACQUIRED) IMMUNI
BARRIERS RY RESPONSE TY
Level of defense First Second line of defense; Third line ofdefense;
line of defense occurs as a response to initiated when innate
against infection tissue injury or infection immune system signals
and tissue injury the
cells ofadaptive immun
ity
Timing of defen Constant Immediate response Delay between primary
se exposure to antigen and
maximum response;
immediate against
1
, INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE
INFLAMMATO (ACQUIRED) IMMUNI
BARRIERS RY RESPONSE TY
secondary exposure to
antigen
Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific Response is very
specific toward
“antigen”
Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells, granulocytes T lymphocytes, B
(neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes,
basophils), macrophages, dendritic
monocytes/macrophages, cells
natural killer (NK) cells,
platelets, endothelial cells
Memory No memory No memory involved Specific immunologic
involved memory by T and B
lymphocytes
Peptides Defensins, Complement, clotting Antibodies,
cathelicidins, factors, kinins complement
collectins,
lactoferrin,
bacterial toxins
Protection Protection includes Protection includes Protection includes
anatomic barriers vascular responses, activated T and B
(i.e., skin and cellular components (e.g., lymphocytes,
mucous mast cells, neutrophils, cytokines, and
membranes), cells macrophages), secretory antibodies
and secretory molecules or cytokines,
molecules or and activation of plasma
cytokines (e.g., protein systems
lysozymes, low
pH of stomach and
urine), and ciliary
activity
, The relationship between arterial perfusion and alveolar gas pressure at the
base of the lungs is best described as: arterial perfusion pressure exceeds
alveolar gas pressure.
Effective gas exchange depends on an approximately even distribution of
gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion) in all portions of the lungs. The lungs
are suspended from the hila in the thoracic cavity. When the individual is in
an upright position (sitting or standing), gravity pulls the lungs down toward
the diaphragm and compresses their lower portions or bases.
3. Dermatologic conditions e.g. pityriasis rosea (ch46, pg 1630/1631)
Psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, and lichen planus are inflammatory disorders
characterized by papules, scales, plaques, and erythema
Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, proliferative, inflammatory disorder that
involves the skin, scalp, and nails and can occur at any age.
Pityriasis rosea is a benign self-limiting inflammatory disorder that occurs
more often in young adults, with seasonal peaks in the spring and fall. The
cause is unknown but
thought to be associated with a virus (e.g., human herpesvirus 6 [HHV-6]
and HHV-7) because of the timing and clustering of the outbreaks
Pityriasis rosea begins as a single lesion known as a herald patch that is
circular, demarcated, and salmon-pink; is approximately 3 to 4 cm in
diameter; and is usually located on the trunk
Lichen planus (LP) is a benign, autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the
skin and mucous membranes with multiple clinical variations. The cause is
unknown, but T cells, adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, perforin,
and antigen-presenting cells are involved.The infiltrate of T cells mediates
immunoreactivity against basal layer keratinocytes, which have altered
surface antigens and adhesion molecules
LP is also linked to hepatitis C virus. Some individuals develop lichenoid
lesions after exposure to drugs or film-processing chemicals. The age of
onset is usually between 30 and 70 years. The disorder begins with flat
purple, polygonal, pruritic, nonscaling papules 2 to 4 mm in size, usually
located on the wrists, ankles, lower legs, and genitalia
New lesions are pale pink and evolve into a dark violet. Persistent lesions
may be thickened and red, forming hypertrophic LP. Oral lesions (oral
lichen planus) appear as lacy white rings that must be differentiated from
leukoplakia or oral candidiasis and they may be precancerous lesions
4. Croup (C 36,pg 1294)-
Croup illnesses can be divided into two categories: (1) acute
laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) and (2) spasmodic croup. Diphtheria
can be considered a croup illness but is now rare because of
3
, vaccinations. Croup illnesses are all characterized by infection and
obstruction of the upper airways.
Croup is an acute laryngotracheobronchitis and most commonly
occurs in children from 6 months to 3 years of age, with peak incidence
at 2 years of age
The incidence of croup is highest in late autumn and winter,
corresponding to the parainfluenza and RSV seasons,
respectively. Croup is more common in boys than girls. In a significant
portion of affected children, croup is a recurrent problem during
childhood, and there is a family history of croup in about 15% of cases
Chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles) are produced by the
varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV is a complex herpes group
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus. The incubation period is 10 to 27
days, averaging 14 days. Productive infection occurs within keratinocytes
such that the vesicular lesions occur in the epidermis, and an
inflammatory infiltrate is often present
5. Types of anemia (ch 28,pg 987-1002)
anemia is a reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the
circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin.
Anemias commonly result from (1) impaired erythrocyte production, (2)
blood loss (acute or chronic), (3) increased erythrocyte destruction, or (4)
a combination of these three factors.
Pernicious anemia (PA), the most common
type of megaloblastic anemia, is caused by vitamin B12deficiency, which
is often associated with the end stage of type A chronic atrophic
(congenital or autoimmune) gastritis. PA results from inadequate vitamin
B12 absorption because of autoantibodies against the B12transporter IF
Folate (folic acid) is an essential vitamin for RNA and DNA synthesis
within the maturing erythrocyte. Folates are coenzymes required for the
synthesis of thymine and purines (adenine and guanine) and the
conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Deficient
production of thymine, in particular, affects cells undergoing rapid
division (e.g., bone marrow cells undergoing erythropoiesis). Humans are
totally dependent on dietary intake to meet the daily requirement of 50 to
200 mcg/day. Folate deficiency anemia is caused by inadequate dietary
intake of folate. Both anemias respond to replacement therapy.
The microcytic-hypochromic anemias are characterized by abnormally
small erythrocytes that contain abnormally reduced
amounts of hemoglobin
4
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