Samenvatting partim Prehistorie van Pre- En Protohistorie (A003300A)
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Course
Pre- En Protohistorie (A003300A)
Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)
Dit is een samenvatting van het partim prehistorie aan de hand van de structuur van de syllabus en de powerpoints. Mijn eigen notities zijn hier ook aan toegevoegd.
,INHOUD
vooraf ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Willekeurige vragen vooraf ................................................................................................................. 7
Tabel .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Geschiedenis van de mens in 1 dag .................................................................................................... 9
Nationale archeologie ......................................................................................................................... 9
De termen pre- en protohistorie ........................................................................................................... 10
geschiedenis van de (prehistorische) archeologie ................................................................................ 10
OVERZICHT bronnenmateriaal en bewaringstoestanden ..................................................................... 11
Archeologische sites .......................................................................................................................... 11
Artefacten.......................................................................................................................................... 13
........................................................................................................................................................... 15
........................................................................................................................................................... 15
........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Ecofacten ........................................................................................................................................... 16
datering ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Relatieve datering ............................................................................................................................. 16
Kruisdatering ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Absolute datering .............................................................................................................................. 16
Korte schets van de cursus .................................................................................................................... 16
Hoe gebeurt evolutie............................................................................................................................. 17
Survival of the fittest ......................................................................................................................... 17
Hominoïden (40/35 MJ. tot 10MJ.) ....................................................................................................... 18
evolutie naar de homininen (tussen 8 en 6 mj.) ................................................................................... 18
Hominini (6 MJ. tot 1MJ.) ...................................................................................................................... 18
Mensen vs Afrikaanse apen............................................................................................................... 19
Early primate evolution ..................................................................................................................... 19
Oligocene primaten ........................................................................................................................... 19
Mioceen hominoïde fossielen ........................................................................................................... 19
Bipedalisme ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Sahelanthropus tchadensis ............................................................................................................... 20
Orrorin tugenensis (Millennium Man) .............................................................................................. 20
Ardipithecus ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Kenyanthropus platyops.................................................................................................................... 20
Australopithecus................................................................................................................................ 21
Australopithecus anamensis ......................................................................................................... 21
2
, Australopithecus afarensis ............................................................................................................ 21
Australopithecus deyiremeda ....................................................................................................... 22
Australopithecus africanus ............................................................................................................ 22
Australopithecus bahrelghazali ..................................................................................................... 22
Australopithecus gahri .................................................................................................................. 22
Australopithecus sediba ................................................................................................................ 22
Paranthropus ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Paranthropus aethiopicus ............................................................................................................. 22
Paranthropus boisei ...................................................................................................................... 22
Paranthropus robustus .................................................................................................................. 23
Gemeenschappelijke kenmerken van Australopithecus en Paranthropus ....................................... 23
Homo (2,5 MJ. tot nu) ........................................................................................................................... 23
Homo rudolphensis ........................................................................................................................... 23
Homo habilis ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Eerste verspreiding van homininen................................................................................................... 24
Homo erectus .................................................................................................................................... 24
Gemeenschappelijke kenmerken vroege Homo’s............................................................................. 25
Midden Pleistoceen homininen ........................................................................................................ 25
Homo sapiens .................................................................................................................................... 26
Homo antecessor........................................................................................................................... 26
Homo heidelbergensis ................................................................................................................... 26
Homo neanderthalensis ................................................................................................................ 26
Homo sapiens ................................................................................................................................ 26
Denisovamens ................................................................................................................................... 26
Modellen van de oorsprong van Homo sapiens................................................................................ 26
Het pleistoceen...................................................................................................................................... 27
Ijstijd .................................................................................................................................................. 27
Verandering flora en fauna ............................................................................................................... 27
Eemiaan (130 – 115 ka) ..................................................................................................................... 28
Weichseliaan (115 – 10 ka)................................................................................................................ 28
Laatglaciaal (15.000 – 10.000 BP).................................................................................................. 28
Het holoceen ......................................................................................................................................... 28
Vroeg-Holoceen: Preboreaal, Boreaal, Atlanticum ........................................................................... 29
Laat-Holoceen: Subboreaal, Subatlanticum ...................................................................................... 29
Vroegpaleolithicum in Afrika ................................................................................................................. 30
Olduvaiaan......................................................................................................................................... 30
3
, Acheuleaan ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Vroegpaleolithicum in Europa ............................................................................................................... 31
Oudste industrieën ............................................................................................................................ 31
Acheuleaan ........................................................................................................................................ 31
Middenpaleolithicum ............................................................................................................................ 32
Kenmerken middenpaleolithicum ..................................................................................................... 32
Middenpaleolithicum in België ......................................................................................................... 33
Context en algemene kenmerken van het laatpaleolithicum ............................................................... 34
Milieu................................................................................................................................................. 34
Economie en sociale organisatie ....................................................................................................... 34
Nederzettingen.................................................................................................................................. 35
Begraving ........................................................................................................................................... 35
Lithische industrie ............................................................................................................................. 35
Artefacten in organisch materiaal ..................................................................................................... 36
Laatpaleolithische culturen in nw europa ............................................................................................. 36
Châtelperroniaan (38-32 ka BP) ........................................................................................................ 36
Aurignaciaan (35-28 ka BP) ............................................................................................................... 36
Gravettiaan (28-20 ka BP) ................................................................................................................. 36
Solutreaan (22-18 ka BP) ................................................................................................................... 36
Magdaleniaan (18-12 ka BP) ............................................................................................................. 36
kunst en decoratie ................................................................................................................................. 37
Kleinkunst .......................................................................................................................................... 37
Grotkunst........................................................................................................................................... 38
Laatpaleolithische kunst in België ..................................................................................................... 39
finaalpaleolithicum ................................................................................................................................ 39
Milieu................................................................................................................................................. 39
Federmessergroepen (12 ka – 11 ka BP) ........................................................................................... 40
Ahrensburgiaan ................................................................................................................................. 41
Context en algemene kenmerken ......................................................................................................... 42
Milieu tijdens het vroegholoceen...................................................................................................... 42
Economie en sociale organisatie ....................................................................................................... 42
Nederzettingen.................................................................................................................................. 42
Materiële cultuur................................................................................................................................... 43
Lithisch materiaal .............................................................................................................................. 43
Organisch materiaal .......................................................................................................................... 43
Geestesleven ......................................................................................................................................... 43
4
, Begraving ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Kunst en decoratie ............................................................................................................................ 43
Einde van het mesolithicum: cohabitatie met neolithische gemeenschappen? .................................. 44
ontstaan landbouw en veeteelt ............................................................................................................ 45
verspreiding van het vroegneolithicum in europa ................................................................................ 46
Bandkeramiek (5400-4700 v.C) ......................................................................................................... 46
Groep van Bilcquy.............................................................................................................................. 47
Swifterbant-groep (4400-4100 v.C.) .................................................................................................. 47
Rössen-cultuur (4700-4000 v.C.) ....................................................................................................... 47
middenneolithicum in de lage landen (4300-3200 v.C.) ....................................................................... 48
Michelsbergcultuur (4400-3500 v.C.) ................................................................................................ 49
Groep van Hazendonk (4100-3700 v.C.) en Vlaardingen (3700-3200 v.C.)....................................... 49
Trechterbekercultuur (3700-2800 v.C.) ............................................................................................. 49
Seine-Oise-Marne (3700-2000 v.C.?) ................................................................................................ 49
laatneolithicum (3200-2000 v.C.) .......................................................................................................... 50
Standvoetbeker- of Enkelgrafcultuur (3000-2500 v.C.)..................................................................... 50
Klokbekercultuur (2600-2000 v.C.).................................................................................................... 50
Otzi: 5300 jaar geleden gestorven .................................................................................................... 51
5
,6
, Hoofdstuk 1: Algemene inleiding
VOORAF
Willekeurige vragen vooraf
1. Einde van de laatste ijstijd: 10.000 v.C. / 12.000 jaar geleden
Huidige tussenijstijd = holoceen
2. Vroegste mensachtigen: 4-1,5 myr
Chimpansees zijn ook mensachtigen dus is heel breed gezien!
Homo habilis = eerste mens = 2,5 myr
Discussie welke artefacten tot welke hominide behoren want ze zijn nog niet samen
gevonden = vraag rond associatie
3. Uitsterven dinosauriërs: 65 myr
4. Begin van de ijzertijd bij ons: 750 v.C.
Bronstijd met urnevelden rond 1200 v.C.
5. Vroegste afbeeldingen zijn door Neanderthalers gemaakt: ? Niet zeker
In grotten in Spanje zijn kleuren aangebracht (geen figuren). Deze moeten ouder zijn dan
de homo sapiens.
6. Tijdens ijstijden stijgt de zeespiegel: Neen
7. Konijnen werden bij ons in het Neolithicum gedomesticeerd: Neen
Konijnen gedomesticeerd in de Romeinse tijd en pas bij ons in de Middeleeuwen. Wel
was er in de neolithische periode de domesticatie van hoevedieren.
7
, 8. Indien men beschikt over een callibratietabel kan men met de 14C-methode het precieze
kalenderjaar dateren: Neen
Callibreren met behulp van dendrochronologie en hierdoor bekom je een curve waarmee
je het kan omzetten in een kalenderjaar. Het gaat maar terug tot wanneer er bomen zijn,
dus niet tot in de ijstijd.
Niet precies kalenderjaar maar wel een periode.
9. Vuistbijl: Neen
Vroeg-paleolithicum = vuistbijl
Neolithicum = geslepen bijlen + domesticatie
Dit is een gepolijste bijl.
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