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PSY205 Motivation and Emotion Complete Course Notes
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PSY205 Motivation and Emotion Complete Course Notes (Weeks 1-13)
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WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, AND THEORIES OF MOTIVATION1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MOTIVATION
Motivation: any internal process that gives behaviour its energy (strength, hardy or resilient),
direction (has purpose or is aimed or guided toward achieving some particular goal), and
persistence (has endurance sustains itself over time and across situations).
Benefits Gained from Studying Motivation and Emotion
Theoretical understanding
- Learn how to explain what motivation and emotion is and how they work
Practical Know-how
- Learning where motivation comes from.
- Learning how motivation can be increased.
- Learning how to motivate oneself.
- Learning how to motivate others.
Motivational Science
- Motivational: The study of all the internal processes that energise, direct and sustain
behaviour.
,*The science is why did the person do that? To answer this, researchers require objective,
data-based, empirical evidence gained from well-conducted and peer-reviewed research findings.
Perennial Questions Motivation and Emotion
- What causes motivation? “Why do they do that?”/”why do people do what they do?”.
- Why does behaviour vary in its intensity? “Why does a person behave one way in a
particular situation at one time yet behave in a different way at another time?”/“What
are the motivational differences among individuals, and how do such differences arise?”.
What Causes Behaviour?
Specific questions that constitute the core problems to be solved in motivation study.
- Why does behaviour start? (*initiation)
- Once begun, why is behaviour sustained over time? (*Maintenance)
- Why is behaviour directed toward some goals yet away from others?
- Why does behaviour change its direction?
- Why does behaviour stop?
Internal Motives
Motivation involves all the internal processes that give behaviour its energy, direction, and
persistence.
- These internal processes or motives are the subject matter of the study of motivation, they
are the direct and proximal causes of motivated action.
There are three processes capable of giving behaviour strength, purpose (I.E., its energy,
direction and persistence.
1. Needs: conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the
maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and wellbeing.
- Hunger, thirst and sleep are needs that relate to the maintenance of life.
- Autonomy, competence and relatedness are needs that relate to one's growth and
wellbeing (not needed to survive, but needed to feel fulfilled).
2. Cognitions: mental events, such as thoughts, beliefs, expectations, plans, goals,
strategies, appraisals, attributions, and self-concept.
*Examples: (1) belief that recycling behaviour is good for the environment motivates someone to
recycle; (2) goal of getting a university degree motivates a student to do all their work and get to
class early.
3. Emotions: short-lived feelings of arousal, purposive and expressive phenomena that
help the individual to adapt to the opportunities and challenges faced during
important life events.
*Feelings: are subjective verbal descriptions of emotional experiences.
,**Arousal: a physiological body mobalisation of resources to help the individual cope with
situational demands.
***Purpose: the motivational urge to accomplish something specific at a particular moment.
****Expression: No verbal aspect of communication or communication of emotional experience
to others.
*In addition to internal motives, antecedent conditions, social contexts and external events work
in unison to produce energised, goal directed, persistent and motivated behaviour.
External Antecedent Conditions
- If external events or social context do not support a motivated behaviour that may prevent
the behaviour from happening or the motivation may need to be for a behaviour to
happen in a particular context (e.g., would only eat with zoom webcam on because
hunger is a physiological need). Alternatively, some contexts may facilitate low
motivation behaviours to happen (e.g., visiting friends and not being motivated to drink
more than one glass of wine, but having multiple due to peer pressure against one’s
motives.
What is the Relationship between Motivation and Emotion?
1. Emotions are one type of motive
- They energise and direct behaviour, just as they do needs, cognitions, and external events.
2. Emotions read out (express) the person’s ever-changing motivational states and
personal adaption status.
, - Positive emotions signal “all is well” and that motivations are satisfied; negative
emotions signal “all is not well” and that motivations are frustrated.
1.2 MEASURING MOTIVATION & THEMES IN THE STUDY OF MOTIVATION
Measuring Motivation
Five expressions of motivation
1. Behaviour
2. Engagement
3. Psychophysiology
4. Brain activations
5. Self-report
Seven key behavioural expressions of motivation
1. Effort: excursion expended working on a task. Taking into account individual
difference effort can be thought of as the percentage of a person's total capacity used
in completing a task.
2. Persistence: length of time between when a behaviour first starts and when it ends.
3. Latency: how quickly one starts on a task they have.
4. Choice: when presented with two or more courses of action, preferring one course of
action over another.
5. Probability of response: the number or percentage of occasions a person enacts a
particular goal-directed response in light of the total number of opportunities to do so.
6. Facial expressions: facial movements such as raising eyebrows indicate motivation
and emotion.
7. Bodily gestures: e.g., leaning forward, clenched fists, changing body posture can all
indicate level of motivation and emotion.
Engagement
Engagement is made up of four interrelated aspects:
1. Behavioural engagement
- On task behaviour
- Demonstration of effort
- Persistence
2. Emotional engagement
- Presence of interest, enjoyment and low levels of negative emotional states such as anger
and frustration; in turn, it would be expected there is an absence of distress and anxiety
when someone is emotionally engaged.
3. Cognitive engagement
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