Hoofdstuk 4 samenvatting (college+boek)(Molecular Biology of the Cell)
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Course
Cellen En Weefsels
Institution
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Book
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Samenvatting van hoofdstuk 4 uit Alberts. De samenvatting is een combinatie van aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges en informatie uit het boek inclusief plaatjes.
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Hoofdstuk 9 samenvatting (college+boek)(Molecular Biology of the Cell)
Hoofdstuk 7 samenvatting (college+boek)(Molecular Biology of the Cell)
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Cellen En Weefsels
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Content preview
Hoorcollege 4
multispecies conserved sequences point to the genomic elements that are under
evolutionary constraints
comparison of genomic sequences helps to find genes, elucidate gene function and trace
evolutionary relationships
molecular clocks: substitution rates per gene/genome region, depends on mutation
frequency and evolutionary constraints (higher in functionally unconstrained sequences)
positive selection -> very rapid changes in functionally important region
genomes are quickly rearranged by chromosome translocations and addition and loss of
DNA sequences
- the rate of DNA loss and addition can vary between lineages
genome evolution by gene duplication:
- whole genome duplication
- tandem repeats of individual genes
chromatin: complex of nuclear DNA and bound proteins
- histones package DNA into nucleosomes
- 4 histons together form an octamer
- chromatin is dynamic -> remodeling complexes
- ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding, exchange of H2A-H2B histones, complete
removal of histone octamers
histones are alpha helices, which bind DNA strongly via hydrogen bonds and salt linkages
nucleosomes are packaged into chromatin fibers
heterochromatin: strongly condensed chromatin ~ 10% of the genome
euchromatin: less condensed chromatin, active transcription!
heterochromatin can spread and self-propagate (epigenetic inheritance)
- chromatin remodeling complexes // histone modifications
power of fly genetics: search for enhancers and suppressors of position effect variegation to
find chromatin regulators
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