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Hoofdstuk 4 samenvatting (college+boek)(Molecular Biology of the Cell) $3.74
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Hoofdstuk 4 samenvatting (college+boek)(Molecular Biology of the Cell)

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Samenvatting van hoofdstuk 4 uit Alberts. De samenvatting is een combinatie van aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges en informatie uit het boek inclusief plaatjes.

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  • H4
  • March 6, 2022
  • 4
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary
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Hoorcollege 4

multispecies conserved sequences point to the genomic elements that are under
evolutionary constraints

comparison of genomic sequences helps to find genes, elucidate gene function and trace
evolutionary relationships

molecular clocks: substitution rates per gene/genome region, depends on mutation
frequency and evolutionary constraints (higher in functionally unconstrained sequences)

positive selection -> very rapid changes in functionally important region

genomes are quickly rearranged by chromosome translocations and addition and loss of
DNA sequences
- the rate of DNA loss and addition can vary between lineages

genome evolution by gene duplication:
- whole genome duplication
- tandem repeats of individual genes

chromatin: complex of nuclear DNA and bound proteins
- histones package DNA into nucleosomes
- 4 histons together form an octamer
- chromatin is dynamic -> remodeling complexes
- ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding, exchange of H2A-H2B histones, complete
removal of histone octamers

histones are alpha helices, which bind DNA strongly via hydrogen bonds and salt linkages

nucleosomes are packaged into chromatin fibers




heterochromatin: strongly condensed chromatin ~ 10% of the genome
euchromatin: less condensed chromatin, active transcription!
heterochromatin can spread and self-propagate (epigenetic inheritance)
- chromatin remodeling complexes // histone modifications
power of fly genetics: search for enhancers and suppressors of position effect variegation to
find chromatin regulators

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