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1.Tenses..................................................................................................................................................2
Present simple....................................................................................................................................2
Present progressive/continuous.........................................................................................................2
Past simple.........................................................................................................................................2
Pronunciation for ed...........................................................................................................................2
Past progressive/continuous..............................................................................................................2
Present perfect simple........................................................................................................................2
Present perfect progressive continuous.............................................................................................3
Past perfect........................................................................................................................................3
Past perfect progressive.....................................................................................................................3
Future with going to...........................................................................................................................3
Future with will...................................................................................................................................3
Future simple......................................................................................................................................3
Future with present progressive.........................................................................................................3
Future perfect simple.........................................................................................................................4
Future perfect progressive.................................................................................................................4
2. Conditional.........................................................................................................................................5
Tenses in a conditional.......................................................................................................................5
Zero conditional..................................................................................................................................5
First conditional..................................................................................................................................6
Second conditional.............................................................................................................................6
3. Modals................................................................................................................................................8
Degrees of certainty...........................................................................................................................8
Obligation, freedom to act, recommended behavior, permission, willingness and similar matters...8
Ability.................................................................................................................................................9
Typical behavior..................................................................................................................................9
4. Passive..............................................................................................................................................10
What is the basic rule of forming passives.......................................................................................10
Structures and verb forms................................................................................................................10
5. Relative clauses................................................................................................................................11
1
, 1.Tenses
Present simple
Form: shit rule = + s
Use: For timeless truths, permanent situations and things that happen regularly
Series of completed actions and events
Present progressive/continuous
Form: am/are/is + -ing
When: going on now or around now
Use: changes, talking about future
repeated actions and events happening (around now)
For critical remarks
Past simple
Form: - ed
When: refers to a short action that happened in the middle of the longer action or
interrupted it.
Use: for longer situations quickly finished actions and repeated events in the past
Non-progressive verbs to refer to states
Pronunciation for ed
If the final sound in the stem of verb is unvoiced then the past tense ending “ed” is unvoiced.
(watch) /t/
If the final sound in the stem of verb is voiced, then the past tense ending “ed” is voiced /d/
If the final sound in the stem of verb is /d/ or /t/ then the past tense ending “ed” is
pronounced /id//
Past progressive/continuous
Form: was/were + -ing
When: to say that temporary action/situation was in progress around a particular past time
Use: refers to a longer background action/situation, before being interrupted by a shorter
action that happened.
Present perfect simple
Form: have/has + past participle (-ed)
When: something that began in the past but is still going on
Use: continuation, repetition (iets wat vaker gebeurt of al lang zo is)
A finished actions is connected with the present in some way
2
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