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Class notes Introduction to Psychology (PSYCH101) Psychology, ISBN: 9780134477961
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- Psychology
CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR, SENSATION, AND PERCEPTION
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Lesson #2 Biological Basis of Behavior , Sensation, and PerceptionObjectives:
Define and list the functions of the dif ferent
parts of the nervous system and their
role in behavior , List the functions of the eyes, ears, and skin and their role in behavior , Discuss
sensation and perception and their role in everyday life
Notes from online Presentation:
Overview”
1.
Psych can help you understand yourself, motivation and tendiences and social behacito
beter , psych is the scientific study of ehacioe and mental processes that describes
explains and predicts behavior and the field evolved because of the inherent desire to
know and understand how the human mind works
2.
Field begans germany 1897 with w . Wundt applied science principles to the study of the
human mind and created objective introspection, other key figures - w . James with
functionalism (the mind allows individuals to adapt), freud proposed the existence of an
unconscious mind with psychoanalysis to explain throw threansing urgese or desired
from unconscious can infiltrate awareness and af fect oes thinking and behavior
a.
Also gestalt psych which looks at the whole vs. parts, behaviorism which
therapies that all human behaviors are acquired through conditioning due to
interaction with the environment,
b.
7 modern perspectives to explain all human behavior exists today and most
important = beachioal, humanistic and cognitive
Topic #1: The Nervous system -
NS is network of specialized
cells that carry info to and
perform all parts of your body
●
Define and list the functions of the dif ferent parts of the nervous system and their
role in behavior
Intro -
1.
complex systems to connected functions in life, to understand how we think, act must
understand bodys complex system is a network of cells, organs, chemicals and the
nervous system specifically is a network of cells that carry info to and from parts of the
body
2.
Specialized nerve cells aka neuron revice, process and transmit info, chemicals in nerve
cells aka neurotransmitters carry the info, central nervous system consists of the brain
and spinal cord and controls the network for the body
a.
CNS get stores processes and interperses all sensory for = body's main
computers
b.
PNS - peripheral - allows brain and spine to communicate with the body sensory
organs, muscles, glands
The NErvous System
1.
In order to understand how you think, act, and react, it is important to understand your
body's complex system of cells, organs, and chemicals. The nervous system is a network
of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body . Neurons and Nerves: Building the networks
1.
The human body is composed of dif ferent types of cells with dif ferent purposes and
functions.
2.
Most cells have a nucleus, a cell body , and a cell membrane
a.
A
neuron
is a specialized cell in the nervous system
that sends and receives
messages and has dif ferent parts
i.
Dendrites
are branchlike structures that receive messages
from other
neurons.
ii.
Soma
or cell body , contains the nucleus and keeps
the cell alive and
functioning.
iii.
Axon
is the tubelike fiber attached to the soma that
carries messages to
other cells.
b.
Ten percent of the brain is made up of neurons.
c.
The other 90% consists of
glial cells
= a gray fatty
substance that provides
support for the neurons AND Glial cells produce myelin to coat the axons and
clean up waste products and dead neurons.
How Neurons W ork
1.
Neurons,
found
throughout
the
body ,
are
separated
and
insulated
by
myelin
-
Bundles
of
these myelin-coated axons travel together through the body as nerves.
2.
at rest, a neuron =l electrically charged
a.
inside the cell are negatively charged sodium ions.
b.
Contained
in
the
semi
liquid
solution
on
the
outside
of
the
cell
are
sodium
ions
that are positively charged.
c.
Ions
pass
through
the
cell
membrane
,
which
is
permeable
to
some
substances
(such as the ions).
d.
Neurons fire in an all-or-nothing manner .
3.
Excitatory
neurotransmitters
allow
positive
sodium
ions
to
enter
the
cell,
triggering
its
action
potential
=
The
release
of
the
neural
impulse
occurs
by
means
of
the
reversal
of
the electrical charge within the axon. Synapse
1.
Neurons
communicate
with
each
other
and
with
parts
of
the
body
by
transmitting
impulses from one cell to the other at the
synapse
.
a.
Because
neurons
don't
touch,
there
is
a
gap
that
must
be
"jumped"
to
transmit
the impulse and create an action.
2.
The
communication
process
between
neurons
is
facilitated
by
chemicals
called
neurotransmitters
a.
Neurotransmitters found in the
synaptic vesicles
at the end of the axon terminal
Types of NT s
1.
Acetylcholine
=
an
excitatory
neurotransmitter ,
is
found
at
the
synapse
between
neurons and muscle cells.
a.
It stimulates muscles to contract and is also involved in
memory .
b .
A
lack
of acetylcholine causes paralysis;
too much
can cause convulsions.
c.
For
example,
the
venom
of
the
black
widow
spider
causes
a
flood
if
acetylcholine
is released into the body's muscle systems, resulting in convulsions.
2.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (G.A.B.A.)
, an inhibitory
neurotransmitter of the brain,
a.
can help calm anxiety and is involved in sleep.
3.
Serotonin
is found in the lower part of the brain.
It can be either excitatory or inhibitory ,
depending on its location in that brain area.
a.
It is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite.
4.
Dopamine
is found in the brain; it is involved in
the control of movement and sensations
of pleasure.
a.
Too little causes
Parkinson's disease, and
too much
causes
schizophrenia.
b.
Muhammad Ali is a famous boxing champion who suf fers from Parkinson's
disease.
Neural Regulators and rEuptake
1.
Neural regulariprs = neural peptides = nts that control release of other nts, one form =
endorphins are pain controlling chemicals produced by the body
2.
Most nts end up back in synaptic vesicles vis suction type reuptake process, BUT ACH
remains outside the vesicle in case body needs quick muscle activity ,
a.
Some ppl experience reuptake too quickly causing decrease in 5ht = depression -
ssri drugs=antidepressant that block reuptake 5ht
Central nervous system CNS
1.
The
central
nervous
system
,
housed
in
the
skull
and
the
spine,
is
the
control
network
for the entire body .
2.
CNS
=
It
receives,
stores,
processes,
and
interprets
all
the
sensory
information
that
comes to it from other parts of the body .
3.
CNS
=
brain
and
spinal
cord
,
the
central
nervous
system
is
key
to
the
functioning
of
the
rest
of
the
body .
Considering
the
importance
of
this
system,
it's
easy
to
understand
why
doctors
emphasize
avoiding
injury
by
wearing
protective
gear
(such
as
helmets
and
padding) when involved in contact sports or cycling.
4.
contains three basic types of neurons.
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