This is a typed version of my written Chemistry 123 notes. It contains all of the work done and is typed in Latex ( a document preparation system for high-quality typesetting). It includes images and tables, and is extremely neat. The price represents the hours taken to type everything out, includi...
1.1 SI units
Base quantity Name Symbol
length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electrical current ampere A
temperature kelvin K
amount of x mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd
r
te
1.2 Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Exponent
giga G 109
mega M 106
103
ul
kila k
hecta h 102
deca da 101
deci d 10−1
centi c 10−2
Po
mili m 10−3
micro µ 10−6
nano n 10−9
pico p 10−12
1.3 Significant figures
a
• all non-zero digits are significant
• zeros between two significant figures are significant
nn
• zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant
• zeros at the end of a number are significant is a decimal point is written in the numbers
• examples:
– 321.5 → (4)
Je
– 4.006 → (4)
– 00 125.45 → (3)
– 125.350 → (6)
– 12535 0 → (5)
• multiplication and division
– answer has the same amount of significant digits of the number of significant figures of the number
with the fewest significant figures
– 10.34 · 9.12 = 94.3 00
• addition and subtraction
– same amount of significant figures as there are significant figures in the number with the least amount
of significant figures
– 10, 34 + 9. 125 = 19.46 5
1
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2 Precision and accuracy
2.1 Definitions
• prescision: how close the measurements are to one another (reproducibility)
• accuracy: how close a measurement is to the actual value
• systematic error: values that are either all higher or all lower than the actual values (offset in measurement
apparatus)
• random area: in the absence of systematic errors, values that are higher and lower than the actual value
r
te
2.2 Diagrams
ul
Po
a
nn
Je
2
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3 Conversion factors
Quantity Equivalent values
Mass 1kg = 1000g = 0.001 metric ton = 2.20462lbm = 35.27392 oz
1lbm = 16oz = 453.593g = 0.453593kg
Length 1m = 100cm = 1000mm = 0.001km = 39.37 inches = 3.2808ft = 1.0936yd
1ft = 12 inches = 0.3048m = 304.8mm
Volume 1m3 = 1000 l = 106 cm3 = 35.3145ft3 = 220.83 imp gall = 264.12 US gall
1 ft3 = 1728 inches3 = 28.317 l = 0.028317m3
Force 1N = 1kg m/s2 = 105 dynes = 0.22481 lbf
Pressure 1atm = 1.01325 x 10 N/m (Pa) = 101.325kPa = 1.01325 bar = 760mmHg by 0◦ (torr) = 14.696psi
5 2
Power 1J = 1Nm = 107 erg = 2.778 x 10−7 kW h = 0.23901cal = 0.7376ft lbf = 9.486 x 10−4 Btu
r
Temperature T(◦ F) = 1.8 ◦ C + 32
T(◦ C) = (5/9)(◦ F - 32)
te
T(K) = ◦ C + 273.15
T(◦ R) = ◦ F + 459.6
ul
Po
a
nn
Je
3
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4 Unit conversions
4.1 Unit conversions
• If one strand of optic fibre weighs 1.19x10−3 lbm /m, what is the mass (in kilograms) of a cable made of
six strands of optical fibre, each one long enough to link New York and Paris (8.84x103 km)?
1.19x103 lbm 1000m 4.54x10−1 kg 8.84x103 km 6
1m 1km 1lbm 1 1
(1.19x10−3 )(103 )(4.54x10−1 kg)(8.84x103 )(6)
= 2.87x104 kg
r
te
4.2 Temperature unit conversions
• Celcius scale
ul
– based on the phase change of water
• Kelvin(absolute) scale
– same size degree unit as the Celcius scale
Po
– different zero points
– 0K = absolute zero
• Farenheit scale
– different size degree unit than Celcius and Kelvin scales
– different zero point
• Rankine (absolute) scale
a
– same size degree unit as Farenheit scale
nn
– different zero points
– 0◦ R = absolute zero
Celcius Kelvin Farenheit Rankine
Absolute zero -273.15 0 -459.67 0
Freezing point of water 0 271.15 32 491.67
Je
Boiling point of water 100 373.15 212 671.64
• Equivalent temperature changes
– 1.8∆◦ F = ∆◦ C
– 1.8∆◦ R = ∆K
– ∆◦ F = ∆◦ R
– ∆◦ C = ∆K
• Temperature intervals
– 1.8◦ F in ◦ C
– 1.8◦ R in 1K
– 1◦ R in 1◦R
– 1◦ C in 1K
4
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