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UNIT 3 & 4 HHD Exam Revision 2019(already graded A)
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UNIT 3 & 4 HHD Exam Revision 2019Characteristics of low, middle and high income countries can be divided into these three
categories. Correct answer - economic
- social
- environmental
Trend Correct answer A general pattern or movement in a particular direction across
data.
Definition of sustainability Correct answer 'Meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'.
What challenges exist in bringing about dietary change? Correct answer • Personal
preferences
• Attitudes and beliefs - many people believe that healthier food options are bland and
tasteless, philosophical beliefs such as vegetarianism, following diets which they believe
are healthy e.g. Paleo
• Willpower
• Low income - some people cannot afford nutritious food
• Geographical location of supermarkets
• Time constraints and convenience - time-poor people may lack the time to effectively
plan, shop for ingredients and cook their meals
• Education including nutrition knowledge and cooking skills
• Cultural and religious backgrounds - can impact food choices, for example, wine,
cheese and pasta are often an important part of Italian meals and culture and Muslims
do not eat pork
• Family and friends
• Food intolerances or allergies - may reduce the ability of an individual to consume
certain food groups such as dairy foods.
Economic characteristics of high-income countries Correct answer - wider range of
industries
- good global trade opportunities
- higher average income
- international debt that country can manage to pay back
Anaemia definition Correct answer a condition where there is insufficient haemoglobin
in red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body.
Explanation of economic sustainability Correct answer This type of sustainability relates
to ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent
standard of living for current and future generations.
,Private Health Insurance Government Rebate Correct answer Most Australians with PHI
receive a rebate (refund) from the Australian Government to help cover the cost of their
premiums. This incentive to take out PHI is income tested which means the rebate
given is reduced or no rebate is paid if people earn more than a certain amount.
Social characteristics of high-income countries Correct answer - higher rates of gender
equality
- low birth rates
- stable political and legal systems
- high levels of employment
- high levels of education
- social security systems exist
- access to technology
- adequate health care systems
Why were the Australian Dietary Guidelines developed by the Australian Government?
Correct answer - to improve health and wellbeing through the lifespan
- to reduce the risk of developing diet-related conditions such as hypertension, type 2
diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers.
Health Status Correct answer An individual's or a population's overall health, taking into
account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and level of
disease risk factors.
Achieving economic sustainability involves a wide range of industries which is? Correct
answer Having a diverse range of industries without the sole reliance on a singular
industry therefore if one industry faces difficulty e.g. agriculture due to extreme weather
conditions e.g. drought, the country has other industries for people to work in e.g.
mining, so people can remain employed & continue to earn an income.
Environmental characteristics of high-income countries Correct answer - adequate
housing
- adequate infrastructure
- adequate food supply
- access to safe water and sanitation
Achieving economic sustainability involves ensuring a countries economic growth which
is? Correct answer An increase in the amount of goods & services produced per head
of the population over time. A workforce is required to produce these goods and
services therefore creating more employment opportunities
Antioxidants are found in found in fruit and vegetables and antioxidants are Correct
answer compounds in food that help protect healthy cells from the damaging effects of
free radicals. Free radicals can increase the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular
disease and cancer.
,Gross National Income (GNI) per capita definition Correct answer The total income
generated by a country in a 12 month period, divided by its population
The average income per person in a country, once debts to other countries have been
paid.
Life Expectancy Correct answer An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it
is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do
not change.
Achieving economic sustainability involves ensuring employment opportunities for all
which enables? Correct answer Payment of adequate income that continues to rise in
line with inflation and living costs. Employed individuals are also contributing to taxes of
the country which is then put back into other resources e.g. education.
Atherosclerosis definition Correct answer the hardening and narrowing of blood vessels
from the build-up of plaque (LDL and calcium) on blood vessel walls making it harder for
blood to get through
Inequality definition Correct answer The state of not being equal, especially in status
and opportunities.
Infectious diseases Correct answer Diseases that are transmitted from person to
person, from animal to person or from the environment (water, food) to person e.g.
tuberculosis, smallpox, cholera. Also known as communicable diseases.
Achieving economic sustainability involves ensuring fair global trade opportunities for all
countries which enables? Correct answer Greater opportunities for global trade and
receiving fair prices for products traded on the global market by low- & middle-income
countries. This allows people in low- & middle-income countries to earn adequate
incomes. Low- and middle-income countries often lack to means to transform raw
materials into usable products, meaning that they are often paid less than what their
products are worth.
What population groups are covered in the Australian Dietary Guidelines? Correct
answer - vegetarians,
- Indigenous Australians,
- Australians of Asian origin,
- low SES
- rural and remote populations.
Religious discrimination definition Correct answer Involves treating a person differently
or unfavourably because of their religious beliefs.
Respiratory diseases Correct answer Any disease affecting the lungs and parts of the
body involved in breathing. e.g pneumonia, asthma, influenza
, Explanation of social sustainability Correct answer This type of sustainability relates to
future generations having the same or improved access to social resources as the
current generation such as human rights, political stability and education.
What does the Australian Dietary Guidelines provide for Australians? Correct answer -
provides written advice to the Australian public to guide selection of food relating to the
types and serving sizes of foods depending on gender, lifespan stage and also has
specific advice for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
Extreme poverty definition Correct answer Those living on less than US$1.90 per day
Body Mass Index (BMI) definition Correct answer a statistical measure of body weight
calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by height (in m2).
Achieving social sustainability involves the provision of social protection measures.
Social protection measures/systems are.. Correct answer Also known as social security
payments ensure that those who can't work receive financial assistance e.g. disability
pension, unemployment benefits. This ensures no one lives in poverty and can afford
basic necessities such as housing, food, safe water, sanitation, healthcare and
education.
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy - HALE Correct answer A measure of burden of
disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in
poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live,
based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Health Indicators Correct answer Standards statistics that are used to measure and
compare health status.
Relative poverty definition Correct answer Those living on less than 50% of their
country's average income
Achieving social sustainability involves the achieving of gender equality which relates
to? Correct answer Females having the same opportunities as males with regards to all
aspects of society such as education, employment and decisions that affect their lives.
Cholesterol definition Correct answer A type of fat required for numerous functions in
the body such as the production of hormones.
Two types of this fat: 'bad' low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or 'good' high-density
lipoprotein (HDL).
Safe or clean water definition Correct answer Refers to water that is not contaminated
with bacteria, viruses or chemicals and therefore will not cause disease if consumed.
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