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Summary Summery articles first 3 weeks of the course: Jackson, Hooks, Foucault, West & Zimmerman, Oyewumi
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Week 1Hooks - Continued devaluation of black womanhood
Black women are still being stereotyped and discriminated by white supremasists. They
have the stigma for being sexually loose, not trustworthy and immoral. This comes from the
slavery when white men had sex with black woman and continued from the fear of the white
people when slavery ended. Black women got raped by white males and black males, they
where fighting two fronts. While black males had the stigma that they where rapist, this
changed during the years and it got more and more normal for white woman to marry black
males - they were no longer afraid of the myths - black women continued to be put down as
a whore, even when they had a good position like a lawyer.
White men wanted to keep their women ‘pure’ and for themselves , they didnt want to give
them away to black guys. But woman got more available and due to the patriarchal sexual
politics it was more oke for white woman to marry with black man.
White man marrying a black woman meant that she had a part which was good in the eyes
of white supremasicts. A black woman marrying a wealthy white men ment that a black man
got higher up, so they were still afraid.
Jackson (2006)
Institutionalized heterosexuality => focus on the role of regulating jomosexuality +
queer approaches say that the impact of this has been largely ignored:
- Relation heterosexualtiy to gender devision of labour & mens idea of womens
productiveness
- Heterosexuality also regulates those within the concept marginalises those
outside of them (binnen heterosexualiteit is een norm zoals monogamiteit)
=> Sexuality * gender are both subject to regulation of normatively prescribed
boundaries.
= it's all subject to historical & cultural change
Gender = a social division + cultural distinction
- gives meaning to everydays actions.
- Gender lives differently due to other historical & cultural and their social
divisions.
Sex: the carnal act
Gender: Division & distinction between men and female
Sexuality: “erotic” => identities, diveres, relationships (whats sexual depends on
whats socially defined and differs from context and history)
- It has no clear boundaries “whats sexual to one person in one context might
not be to someone else or somewhere else” p.106
Gender & sexuality =Gendered aspects arent devined bij heterosexuality but also by
other social relations * identity
, Heterosexuality: Not simply a form of sexual expression
- Key between gender & sexuality
- Reveals interconnections betweens sexual and non-sexual aspects if social
life
Heteronormativity =
- defines not only a normative sexual practice but also a normal way of life
- Gender, sexuality + heterosexuality are interconnected but not the same
● Different dimensions of the social complicates it & thus complicates the
heteronormativity
● => therefore it cannot be reduced to heteronormativity alone.
4 dimensions of the social by jackson
1) The “structural” social relations that shape the social order at a macro
niveau
- Gender figures as a hierarchical division
- Hetersoxuality is insittutionalised through mechanisms such asl lav &
the state
2) Social relations & and practices all have meaning, they form our cultural
understandings of gender and sexuality
3) The “everyday” the routine that shapes our social practices which constantly
reconstruct our context + relationships
4) Social agents or subjects who make sense to our everyday genderen &
sexual interaction
- It's impossible to focus on all at the same time thus we always have a partial
view of the multi-dimensional process.
Norm = a wide subject, not only what's “normal” but also comes from social action :
Convergentie met interpretatieve sociologische traditie waardoor de normatieve
status van heterosexualiteit wordt gereproduceerd door everyday interaction
Dimensions of the social: a picture of connections between gender, sexuality &
heterosexuality manifested within & between dimensions.
A view from above: Patterned inequality in divisions of labor & hierarchies of
advantage and disadvantages which stati\ue men and women.
→ Social structures: Are subjects of historical change (capitalism is different
in different counties) → (example) Gender & sexuality movement towards
gay community made it easier but they havent underminded the
domincance of heterosexualiy => Monogamous couples are still the
‘ideal’ & is enshrined in state policy & institutionalised practices difining
hwat socially validated.
within the structural dimensions of the social the connection between gender &
sexuality is strong:
- Institutionalized heterosexuality is gendered
- Hetersexual contact is build on a hierarchy of gender (verschil tussen wat
mannen en vrouwen verdienen bv)
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