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ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES CYTOSKELETON TYPES Of MICROSCOPE90191 lysosome digest invading cells functions : light lower res than electron microscopes .
Max res of
-
mitochondria RER folds and processes proteins 1. Microtubules and microfilaments support organelles 0.2 µm .
Max magnification = ✗ 1500
Ribosome lysosome SER synthesise y processes lipids 2. help strengthen cell and maintain shape lazer scanning microscope use taters to scan a specimen
÷
NUCEOIUS lipids lazer beam focused is aimed
÷:
Golgi processes 8 packages 3. transport of organelles through lens which at beam
RER
SER and proteins 4 . Cause cell to move splitter so some light is directed to specimen
cytoplasm cell membrane vesicle Transports substances this light is detected and detector is ooned up to
centriole separation of Chronos AGWIFICATIOW computer which generates an image can be used to look at objects at dif depths
,
PLANT cells ones image size transmission electron microscope uses electromagnets to focus beam of electrons which Is
vacvotcnioplast cilia move substances along cell object size transmitted through specimen
40141
scanning electron microscope scans beam of electrons across the specimen which knocks off
p -
mitochondria PROTEIN PRODUCTION electrons from the specimen these are gathered in cathode ray tube to form
Ribosome lysosome y .
proteins produced at RER folded and processed
÷
Nuceolvs
ii. Rep
2. transported to Golgi
SER 3 .
enter more vesicles .
Cell structure
cytoplasm cell membrane
,FUNCTIONS of WATER STRUCTURE Of WATER PROPERTIES Of WATER GLUCOSE
Reactant Polar shaved neg electrons pulled High SHC means water dos en 't experience rapid temp so stable habitat
hydrogen changes
solvent towards oxygen atom and other side of each High latent heat means waters great for cooling things
transport of substances hydrogen atom left with slight POS charge cohesive helps water to how and be transported UP the plant stem
temp control unshaved neg electrons give it slight neg lower density when solid so ice floats which makes good habitat
Habitat charge solvent things can disolve in it 8 be transported Glucose is the main energy source in
animals 8 plants - its also solvable
TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS CHOLESTEROL RIBOSE
one glycerol with three fatty acids similar to triglycerides except one of the hydrocarbon ring structure attached to
hydrocarbon tail
synthesised by ester bond fatty acids replaced by phosphate group Ring structure has polar hydroxyl group attached to it
ester bond condensation reaction
,
which is hydrophilic .
mane up phospholipid manes membrane more rigid
triglycerides are formed by esterification bilayer ,
control what enters and leaves
fatty acids long tails made from me cell .
hydrocarbons -
tails hydrophobic
so insolvable in water .
PROTEIN STRUCTURE GLYCOGEN FORMATION Of Polk SACHA RIDES
saturated fatty acid = no double bonds primary sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain main energy storage material in hydrogen atoms on one monosacharide
between and OH
GVOUPS animals Condensation
function mainly energy molecules secondary hydrogen bonds form NH Animals store excess bods to hydroxyl Groupon other
-
Bio molecules
storage
-
-
.
which makes it coil into glucose as glycogen . reaction
AMINO ACID STRUCTURE B- Pleated sheet or
g- helix similar to amylopectin but lots
carboxyl group and amino attached Tertiary coiled or folded funner and bonds form more side branches lots of STARCH
group more
to carbon and a variable group Quaternary several branches means glucose can be main energy storage In plants Plants
atom dif polypeptide chains .
released avion which is important stove excess glucose as starch its also
IBROUS PROTEINS TESTS FOR BIOMOLECULES for energy
GLOBULAR PROTEINS release insolvable in water .
its a mixture of
Round 2 compact tough and shaped , insolvable Binet add hydroxide solution ✗ copper
cellulose 9- glucose
, solvable rope , amylose , amylopectin
Purple It Protein
Haemoglobin has prosthetic and strong
solution .
major component of cell walls in Amylopectin long branched chain of 9 glucose .
iodine add Iodine disolved in Potosi break down
group attached collagen found in animal connective plants
, long unbranched chains branches allow enzymes that
blood iodine solution If starch darn blue
insulin helps regulate tissue , very strong .
of B- glucose ,
when B- glucose molecule to get at glycosidic bonds easily
emulsion Shane test sample with bond can be released
glucose level so solubility is keratin many external structures of molecules they form so glucose quick
important so it can be transported animals eg . Shin ,
hair ethanol .
If lipids turns Milky straight cellulose chains which Amylose long unbranched chain of a -
Glucose
""
blood elastin found elastic connective Benedicts "addÑ Benedicts to sample held together micro angles of glycosidic bonds that give it
in me in are by -
a
amylase catyiises break down tissue
,
allows tissues to return to and heat won reducing break fibrils , strong fibres mean coiled structure which mane it compact so
down into monosacnavides and then
of starch -
made of single original shape cellulose provides structural its really good for storage
chain of amino acids contains complete benedicts test as normal
support for cells
both a -
helix t B- pleated sheet
, NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE PURINES 8 PRVMADIWES MAKING AND USING ATP DNA STRUCTURE
DNA nucleotides contain deoxyribose purines contain 2 Carbon nitrogen
as pentose ATP synthesised from ADD and inorganic phosphate DNA composed of two poly nucleotide strands in
sugar , phosphate group and ATC base rings whereas pvymadine only ADP is phosphorylated to form ATD double helix shape joined together by hydrogen
DNA contains 2 poly nucleotide chains phosphate bond IS formed
- has one
bonding
RNA Nucleotides Ribose sugar ,
phosphate energy formed in phosphate bond .
When this bases pair complimentary G C
-
A -
T
group and AUGC base DNA REPLICATION energy needed ATP brown bacu down into ADP
1. DNA helicase breaks hydrogen and energy released from Phosphate bond GENETIC CODE
PURIFYING DNA bonds between poly nucleotide strands The sequence of base triplets in DNA or mRNA
1. Break up cells in sample 2 .
Original strands act as RNA which codes for specific amino acids
2. mane solution of detergent and distilled template free floating DWA mRNA -
Single poly nucleotide strand Its made me code is non -
overlapping
,
water nucleotides join to exposed bases during transcription ,
it carries the DNA to me its also degenerate so there are more possible
3. add broken up cells in beaner containing 3 .
Nucleotides on new strand nucleus . mRNA carries the genetic code combinations of triplets then there are amino
joined by acids
detergent DNA polymerase which Nucleus to cytoplasm .
4. Incubate beaner at 60°C forms sugar phosphate backbone Its also universal
5. Put beaner in ice bath Strand twist to form double helix
6. filter mixture
7. add protease
1
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA
Nucleic acids
8.
Slowly dribble cold ethanol down side .
polymerase attaches to DWA double TRANSLATION
Of tube helix bonds 1- ribosome
, hydrogen between 2 Dwa mRNA attaches itself to
9. leave tubes DWA Will form white strands break separating strands 8 + RNA molecules carry amino acids to
,
precipitate one of the strands used as template ribosome
2. RNA free RNA 2 + RNA molecule with anticodon thats
polymerase lines up .
nucleotides alongside the template strand . Complimentary to start codon attaches itself
complimentary base pairing means that mRNA mrna and second + RNA molecule attaches
strand ends up being complimentary Itself to next codon
copy Of DNA template strand
3. third + RNA molecule binds to 1st 22nd
3. RNA polymerase moves down DWA Strand + RWA molecules . its amino acid binds to
assembling mRNA Strand
, hydrogen bonds first 2 and 2nd tRNA molecule moves away
reform process continues producing chain of amino
acids
4. mRNA leaves the nucleus and
attaches to a ribosome
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