Summary
Summary The Working Memory Model
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Looks at the working memory model, the elements of it, and evaluation of that theory.
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The Working Memory ModelMemory
Key Names
Baddely and Hitch (1974)
Evaluation
Clinical evidence – The Working Memory Model (WMM) is a way of explaining how the short-term memory works
Shallice and Warrington (1970) and is organized. The WMM is concerned with the part of the mind that is active when we are
conducted a case study of patient temporarily storing and manipulating information. The model consists of four main components
KF who had suffered from a brain each of which is qualitatively different in terms of coding and capacity.
injury. He had a hard time Central Executive
processing information presented
verbally but could recall things Essentially an attentional process that monitors incoming data , makes decisions and allocates
that were visual such as letters slave systems (e.g Phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuo-spatial sketchpad) to tasks. The
and digits, supporting the idea that central executive has a very limited processing capability.
there are separate visual and
acoustic stores. However, these
Phonological Loop
patients are unique and therefore One of the slave systems, it deals with auditory information and preserves the order in which
the evidence may not be reliable information arrives. Divided into: Phonological store – Stores words you hear and the
because of the brain damage. Articulatory process – Allows maintenance rehearsal. Capacity believed to be 2 seconds
Dual Task Performance – Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (VSS)
Baddeley et al. (1975) showed A slave system, stores visualand/or spatial information required. Baddeley (2003) says the
that participants had more capacity is about 3-4 objects. Logie (1995) subdivided the VSS into the visual cache – for visua
difficulty doing two visual tasks data – and the inner scribe, which records the arrangement of seen objects.
than a verbal and a visual. Both
visual tasks compete for the same Episodic Buffer
slave system. This must mean The third slave system, added to the model by Baddely (2000). It is a temporary store for
there is a separate slave system information, integrating information processed by the other stores and maintaining time
for visual input. sequencing. It has a limited capacity of about four chunks. This links working memory to LTM
and wider cognitive processes such as perception.
Lack of Central Executive
Clarity –
Baddeley (2003) said that ‘the
central executive is the most
important but least understood
component of working memory’. It
needs to be more clearly defined
than just attention. Some
psychologists suggest that it may
be made up of several
components.
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