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Samenvatting Communicatieleer

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Dit document bevat een samenvatting van het boek communicatieleer. Hierin wordt hoofdstuk 1 t/m 12 uitgebreid beschreven (met uitzondering van hoofdstuk 6 & 8). Daarnaast staan in dit document voorbeelden om de stof beter te begrijpen.

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  • March 18, 2022
  • 72
  • 2018/2019
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Communicatie basics
samenvatting
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1.......................................................................................................................................6
1.2 Wat is communicatie...................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 Communicatie: bedoeld of onbedoeld?................................................................................6
1.2.2 Een omschrijving van communicatie.....................................................................................6
1.2.3 Interpersoonlijke- en intra persoonlijke communicatie en massacommunicatie..................6
1.2.4 Inhouds- en betrekkingsniveau.............................................................................................7
1.2.5 Ideeën, woorden en zinnen zijn géén voorwerpen...............................................................7
1.3 Waarom communiceren mensen?...............................................................................................7
1.3.1 Biologische motieven............................................................................................................7
1.3.2 Communicatie is een transactie............................................................................................8
1.3.3 Nogmaals: de behoefte aan aandacht...................................................................................8
1.3.4 Communicatie en zelfbeeld...................................................................................................8
1.3.8 Maatschappelijke motieven voor communicatie..................................................................9
1.4 Modellen van communicatie......................................................................................................10
1.4.1 Communicatiekanalen........................................................................................................10
1.4.2 Kanaalruis............................................................................................................................10
1.4.3 Vertalen en terugvertalen...................................................................................................10
1.4.4 Communicatie is een proces...............................................................................................10
1.4.5 Een procesmodel van communicatie..................................................................................11
1.4.6 Selectieprocessen...............................................................................................................11
1.4.7 De ontvangers.....................................................................................................................12
1.4.8 Boodschappen....................................................................................................................12
1.4.9 Situatie................................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 2.....................................................................................................................................13
2.2 Wat is lichaamstaal?..................................................................................................................13
2.2.1 Analoge en Digitale communicatie......................................................................................13
2.2.2 Communicatie en metacommunicatie................................................................................13
2.3 Metacommunicatie: de belangrijke functie van het lichaamstaal..............................................14
2.3.1 Waarheid............................................................................................................................14
2.4 Andere functies van non-verbale communicatie........................................................................15
2.4.1 Aanvulling van de boodschap..............................................................................................15
2.4.2 Benadrukken van de boodschap.........................................................................................15
2.4.3 Vervangen van de boodschap.............................................................................................15
2.4.4 Regeling van het gesprek....................................................................................................15
2.4.5 Terugkoppeling of feedback................................................................................................15
2.5 Lichaamstaal of lichaamstalen?.................................................................................................15
2.5.1 Leeftijd, oorsprong en zelfstandigheid van lichaamstalen..................................................16
2.5.2 De mate waarin een lichaamstaal gedeeld wordt...............................................................16
2.5.3 Verzonnen lichaamstaal......................................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 3.....................................................................................................................................16
3.1 Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................16
Dragers van non-verbale communicatie..........................................................................................17

, 3.2 Uiterlijk......................................................................................................................................17
3.2.1 Lichaamsbouw en gezicht...................................................................................................17
3.2.2 Haardracht, kleding en versierselen....................................................................................17
3.3 Lichaamshouding.......................................................................................................................17
3.4 Lichaamsbewegingen.................................................................................................................18
3.4.1 Status, sekse en herkomst...................................................................................................18
3.4.2 Spanning en zenuwachtigheid.............................................................................................18
3.4.3 Genegenheid en intimiteit..................................................................................................18
3.5 Gezichtsuitdrukking....................................................................................................................19
3.5.1 Het herkennen van gezichtsuitdrukkingen..........................................................................19
3.5.2 Aangeboren en cultureel bepaald.......................................................................................19
3.5.3 Oogcontact..........................................................................................................................19
3.6 Taal, metataal en stemtaal........................................................................................................20
3.6.1 Taalgebruik, opleiding en status.........................................................................................20
3.6.1 Zintuigelijke taalgebruik......................................................................................................20
3.6.3 Metataal..............................................................................................................................20
3.6.4 Stemtaal..............................................................................................................................21
3.6.5 Stem en persoonlijkheid.....................................................................................................21
3.6.6 Stemgebruik en contact......................................................................................................21
3.6.7 Spreken is zilver, zwijgen is goud........................................................................................21
3.7 Aanraken en nabijheid...............................................................................................................21
3.7.1 Aanraken en aangeraakt worden: wat mag?......................................................................21
3.7.2 Nabijheidsgedrag................................................................................................................21
3.7.3 Territorium..........................................................................................................................22
3.8 Ruimtelijke oriëntatie.................................................................................................................22
3.8.1 Macht aan tafel...................................................................................................................22
3.8.2 Elkaar na staan of niet zitten...............................................................................................22
3.8.3 Verschil tussen mannen en vrouwen..................................................................................22
3.8.4 Gebruik van de ruimte en menselijke relaties.....................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 4.....................................................................................................................................22
4.1 Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................22
4.2 Gezellige ruimtes...................................................................................................................22
4.2.1 Bevorderende en remmende factoren................................................................................22
4.3 Status, macht en ruimte.............................................................................................................23
4.3.1 Meer ruimte is beter dan minder........................................................................................23
4.3.2 Privéruimte is beter dan een gedeelde ruimte...................................................................23
4.3.3 Hoge ligging is beter dan laaggelegen.................................................................................23
4.3.4 Dicht bij de machtigen is beter dan achteraf......................................................................23
4.3.5 Binnen is beter dan buiten..................................................................................................23
4.4 De taal van tijd...........................................................................................................................24
4.5 Verschillen in tijdsopvatting tussen culturen..............................................................................24
4.6 Drie soorten tijd.........................................................................................................................24
4.6.1 Informele tijd......................................................................................................................24
4.6.2 Sociale aspecten van informele tijd....................................................................................24
Hoofdstuk 5.....................................................................................................................................25
5.1 Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................25
5.1.1 Communicatiepatronen......................................................................................................25
5.2 Van proces naar patroon...........................................................................................................26
5.3 Wat zijn communicatiepatronen................................................................................................26
5.3.1 Communicatie als systeem..................................................................................................26
5.3.2 Open of gesloten systemen?...............................................................................................26

, 5.3.3 Het patroonmatige..............................................................................................................26
5.3.4 Voorspelbaarheid van de interactie....................................................................................26
5.3.5 Patroon of individuele vrijheid?..........................................................................................27
5.3.6 De onzichtbaarheid van communicatiepatronen................................................................27
5.3.7 Het bovenindividuele..........................................................................................................27
5.4 Functie van communicatiepatronen...........................................................................................27
5.6 Standaardacties, de bouwstenen van communicatiepatronen..................................................28
5.6.1 Reactieovereenkomst.........................................................................................................28
5.6.2 Reactieovereenkomst: imitatie en wederkerigheid............................................................28
5.6.3 Compensatie.......................................................................................................................28
5.6.4 Waarom bouwstenen?........................................................................................................28
5.7 Een aantal communicatiepatronen............................................................................................29
5.7.1 Berne, Transactionele Analyse en Watzlawick....................................................................29
Hoofdstuk 7.....................................................................................................................................30
7.1 Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................30
7.2 Motieven voor lidmaatschap en maatschappelijke functies van groepen..................................31
7.2.1 Waarom nemen mensen aan groepen deel?......................................................................31
7.2.2 Maatschappelijke functies van groepen..............................................................................31
7.3 Wat noemen we een groep?..................................................................................................31
7.3.1 Een definitie van ‘groep’.....................................................................................................31
7.4 Groepssamenhang.....................................................................................................................31
7.5 Groepsnormen, uniformiteit en conformisme............................................................................32
7.5.1 Groepsnormen....................................................................................................................32
7.5.2 Uniformiteit........................................................................................................................32
7.5.3 Groepspressie en conformisme..........................................................................................32
7.5.4 De mogelijkheden voor heterogeniteit...............................................................................33
7.6 Leiderschap................................................................................................................................33
7.6.1 Leiderschap en persoonlijke eigenschappen.......................................................................33
7.6.2 Wat is leiderschap?.............................................................................................................33
7.6.3 Hoe mensen invloed verwerven..........................................................................................34
7.6.4 Taakleiderschap en sociaal-emotionele leiderschap...........................................................34
7.6.5 Democratisch, autoritair en laissez-faire leiderschap.........................................................34
7.6.6 Spreiding van leiderschapsfuncties.....................................................................................34
7.8 Soorten groepen.........................................................................................................................34
7.8.1 Primaire groep en secundaire groep...................................................................................34
7.8.2 Aspectomvang.....................................................................................................................35
7.8.3 Vijf soorten groepen...........................................................................................................35
7.9 Groepsomvang...........................................................................................................................36
7.9.1 Groepen van twee en groepen van drie..............................................................................36
7.9.2 Gevolgen van toenemende groepsgrootte.........................................................................36
7.9.3 Spreekangst in groepen......................................................................................................36
7.9.4 Samenvatting......................................................................................................................37
7.10 Groepsprocessen......................................................................................................................37
7.10.1 Wat zijn groepsprocessen?...............................................................................................37
7.10.2 Het binnenkomen in een groep........................................................................................37
7.11 Groepsontwikkeling.................................................................................................................37
7.11.1 Ontwikkelingstaken of fasen?...........................................................................................37
7.11.2 Sociale behoeften en de kernthema’s van groepsontwikkeling........................................38
7.11.3 Eerste kernthema: erkenning............................................................................................38
7.11.4 Tweede kernthema: invloed.............................................................................................38
7.11.5 Derde kernthema: genegenheid.......................................................................................38

, 7.11.6 Groepsontwikkeling en het soort begeleiding...................................................................39
7.11.7 het proces van groep afbouw...........................................................................................39
Hoofdstuk 9 Communicatiekanalen.................................................................................................39
9.1 Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................39
9.2 Communicatiekanalen: de geschiedenis....................................................................................39
9.3 Communicatiekanalen in het tweede millennium......................................................................40
9.3.1 Kanaaleigenschappen.........................................................................................................40
9.3.2 Betrouwbaarheid van nieuwsbronnen................................................................................41
9.3.3 Sensatie in het Nederlandse televisienieuws 1980-2004....................................................41
9.3.4 Kanaalgebruik.....................................................................................................................41
9.3.5 Kanaalgebruikers.................................................................................................................41
9.4 Interactieve media en de internetrevolutie................................................................................42
9.4.1 Inleiding..............................................................................................................................42
9.4.2 Multimedia – los.................................................................................................................42
9.4.3 (Multi) media op internet....................................................................................................42
9.4.4 Onderdelen van internet.....................................................................................................42
9.5 Welk kanaal, voor welke informatie, voor welke mensen?........................................................43
9.5.1 Van algemene tot persoonlijke informatie..........................................................................43
9.5.2 Lezing of artikel...................................................................................................................44
9.5.3 Lezing, artikel, radio- of televisietoespraak?.......................................................................44
9.5.4 Interpersoonlijke kanalen of massamedia?.........................................................................45
9.6 Interpersoonlijke kanalen, massamedia of interactieve media?................................................45
Hoofdstuk 10 Communicatienetwerken en verspreiding van informatie.........................................46
10.1 Communicatienetwerken.........................................................................................................46
10.2 Het ruimtelijke netwerk............................................................................................................46
10.3 Sociale netwerken....................................................................................................................46
10.3.1 Geruchten.........................................................................................................................47
10.3.2 Quasimassacommunicatie................................................................................................48
10.4 Massamedianetwerk................................................................................................................48
10.4.1Eenrichtingsverkeer...........................................................................................................48
10.4.2 Interactief verkeer............................................................................................................48
10.5 Vervlochten netwerken............................................................................................................48
10.6 Nieuwe communicatiepatronen...............................................................................................49
10.7 Verspreiding van vernieuwingen..............................................................................................50
10.7.1 Diffusie..............................................................................................................................50
10.7.2 Heterofilie en diffusie........................................................................................................50
10.7.3 De S-curve.........................................................................................................................51
10.7.4 Vijf groepen in aanvaarding van nieuwe ideeën...............................................................51
10.7.5 Kenmerken van vernieuwingen.........................................................................................51
10.8 Adoptie.....................................................................................................................................52
10.8.1 Het vijf-fasenmodel...........................................................................................................52
10.8.2 Functies in het aanvaardingsproces..................................................................................52
10.8.3 Mediagebruik bij de aanvaarding van vernieuwingen.......................................................52
10.9 Diffusie en sociale structuur.....................................................................................................53
10.9.1 Systeemeffecten...............................................................................................................53
10.9.2 Normen en verspreiding van vernieuwingen....................................................................53
10.9.3 Traditionele en moderne normen.....................................................................................53
10.9.4 Individu of systeem?.........................................................................................................53
Hoofdstuk 11 Theorieën over het effect van massacommunicatie...................................................53
11.1 Inleiding...................................................................................................................................53

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