Global History - extensive lecture notes incl. summaries
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Course
Global History
Institution
Universiteit Leiden (UL)
This document includes all the lectures on Global History taught by Claire Vergerio.In between the texts, you can find summaries, and tables created by myself to help memorization.
LECTURE 1 - INTRODUCTION
Approaches to history in IR
Closet of facts- neorealism
Middle-way - constructivism, English School, historical sociology, conceptual history)
Shopping list- poststructuralism
Conceptual Tools
History
Metahistory
Anti-history
Big History
Global History
GH and IR
LECTURE 2 - THE RISE AND FALL OF EUROPEAN EMPIRES
The importance of European empires in modern IR
Caveat: Europe
The chronological scope of European empires
Broadening the focus of IR
What is an Empire?
6 Core Characteristics
Some Clarifications
Empire
Imperialism
Colonialism
Colonisation
Postcolonial world
Neo imperialism
Tackling Eurocentrism
Empirical Eurocentrism:
Methodological Eurocentrism:
Methodological internalism:
Historical priority:
Universal stagism:
Linear developmentalism:
LECTURE 3 - EUROPEANS FAR BEHIND (PRE-C16)
Introduction
Eurocentrism
5 Assertions about the pre-1500 world
Why are these wrong?
Oriental Globalisation 500-1800 and its Islamic and African Pioneers (500-1100)
The Oriental Globalisation (500-1800)
Key facts about the Oriental Globalisation
Three main empires
The Islamic Global Pioneers
Islam - central to globalization for two main reasons
Trade with Africa
Chinese Pioneers and the Industrial Revo. from the 1100s
Chronology
China’s Internal Power in the 1100s- Industrial Revolution
Zheng He:
1433: China renounces massive imperialist expansion
Indian Ocean Trading Network
1
, Key Points
LECTURE 4 - EMPIRES B4 + AFTER THE AGE OF DISCOVERY
Rise and Fall of the Mongols (1200s and 1300s)
Success Factors
Key figure: Tamerlane (1336-1405)
Impact of rise and fall of Mongol-Timurid empires
Land Empires
In the centre: Islamic Empires (1400-1500s)
Ottoman Empire
Safavid Empire and Mughal Empire
To the East: Chinese Empire
Key features:
To the North: Russian Empire
Key features:
Sea Empires
Two waves of European imperialism
EM period 1492- early 1800s
1492-1648 => expansion led by Spain and Portugal
1648-1=1770 => led by France, Holland, and England
1770-1815 => severe setbacks, some exceptions.
1870s onward- new imperialism / high imperialism
Key Points
LECTURE 5 - THE GREAT DIVERGENCE
Introduction
The GD - Kenneth Pomeranz
Two opposing ideas
Europe as a beacon of progress:
Europe as a ruthless thief:
Other Arguments
When did the Great Divergence happen?
Renaissance vs. 1750-1800s
Was GD before the IR (1750) or after the IR (1800)
California School
Main argument:
Key Arguments
What caused the Great Divergence?
Pomeranz
Arguments
Based on two core elements
Integrative approach rather than a comparative one
A comparison of regions rather than nation-states
Eurasian Similarity Thesis
Rejection of Europe-centred explanations
European empires: a new system of complementarity
LECTURE 6- ORIGINS OF CAPITALISM
Introduction
What is capitalism?
Logic of Circulation
Core texts
Critique of Eurocentric account:
Linking 3 Core Processes
2
, Development of powerful territorial states
Rise of capitalism (merchant capitalism & finance capitalism)
Expansion of Europe colonialism
Link with Great Divergence
Logic of Production
Core texts
Fragmented VS. Integrated Markets
Bottom line: capitalism started in England
But still, it owed much to the non-European world
Link with Great Divergence
Key disagreement: the Dutch case
LECTURE 7- THE MILITARY REVOLUTION MYTH
Historiography
Sharman’s Article
The Military Revolution
Michael Roberts - a European MR
Geoffrey Parker- The MR: Military revolution and the rise of the West.
Recap
Problems w/ the conventional narrative
Alternative story Sharman: Two core ingredients of European success’
Cultivation of indigenous allies (insinuation)
Judicious posture of European subservience (deference)
Philips & Sharman - International Order in Diversity
They found 3 key things that explained why we don’t have the anticipated results?
LECTURE 8- MERCANTILE COMPANIES
Conventional Understanding of Mercantile Companies
What are Mercantile companies?
Just a good business
An anachronistic assumption
The new understanding of mercantile companies
Two faces of mercantile companies
The English East India Company
Key Works
Philip J Stern: The Company-State
Modern corporation-communities
Chronology
A different picture of the EM world
Role of Corporations
Structure & Principles of the EIC
A real political system
Its both a company and a state
Mixed sources of political legitimacy
Claims to jurisdiction and authority based on…
Advantages
Disadvantages
Chronology
Dutch East India Company (1602-1799)
Unrivalled corporation
Monopolies; a myth?
Company-state: a similar debate
Chronology
Mercantile companies; so what
3
,LECTURE 9 - CIVILIZATION, RACE, AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER
A time of change
Some crucial 19th century changes
“Civilization”
The Liberal Idea of Civilization
Defining civilization: Francois Guizot
Importance of variety
From Guizot to the Liberal Understanding
A twist on the original: dropping variety
Family of Civilised Nations
A two tier hierarchical international order
Standards of Civilization
C19 Standard of Civilization
5 Rules of the C19 SoC
Was the C19 inclusive or exclusive?
Growing evidence of pre-19 equality
Anghie’s key points
How much did the C19 SoC have to do w/ race?
From Culture to Race
Race and the International Order
What about slavery?
Darwin and Gobineau
Race and the International Order
1870 onward: the Golden Age of Settler Colonialism
Race in the early 20th century international order
LECTURE 10 - FRENCH AND HAITIAN REVOLUTIONS
Eurocentrism and the Age of Revolutions
Argument
Why does the Haitian Revolution matter?
Importance within French Revolution
Broader importance
Race, Revolutions and Modernity
Nations, citizens, freedom race
Legacy of the Haitian Revolution
For Haiti:
For the World:
LECTURE 11 - 1870-1914 HIGH IMPERIALISM
Long C29 includes
Key Period: 1870-1914
1815 - 1950 ~ Imperial Retreat
The Exception: Britain
1850-1870: Roots of Change
High Imperialism- the European struggle for the mastery of the world
Milestone in the turn to formal empires: Indian Rebellion of 1857
Why did it happen?
Immediate Consequences
Why is this important?
Peak of empire-building: Partition of Africa
Informal empires continued as well
LECTURE 12 - 1914-1945 WINDS OF CHANGE?
Then what happens?
4
, 1918-1945: The League of Nations
Two crucial developments after WW1
The LoN Mandate System (Anghie)
Direct relevance for our own world
Mandates System
How it works?
3 Categories of Mandates
The end of the League
1945: The Birth of the UN
Original plan for the UN
Preamble of UN
A struggle to shape the newcomer
The seeds of something new
Familiar obstacles
A dramatic shift
Why this matters now
Food for thought
What about the EU?
Conventional Story about the origins of the EU
The forgotten story of “Eurafrica”
The Eurafrica project
Schuman Declaration
Food for Thought
LECTURE 13 - BANDUNG, THE TRICONTINENTAL AND THE NIEO
Revolt against the West
Bandung (1955) and the Tricontinental Conference (1966)
Key events in the 3rd world project
Concept of the three worlds of the CW
Foundational moment Bandung (1955)
A crucial step towards NAM (1956)
Up another gear with the G77 (1964)
Turning point: The Tricontinental Conference (1966)
Mode of attack: Mass communication
Bottomline
The New International Economic Order
1973: Turning point with OPEC crisis
Main tenets - Rights for states
What happened to this proposal?
5
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