Summary
Samenvatting Supply Chain Management - VUB
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Dit is een samenvatting voor het vak Supply Chain Management, gedoceerd door Johan Devos. Het omvat alle hoorcolleges en 'gastcolleges'.
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Supply Chain Management1
Academiejaar 2021-2022
,Table of Contents
Praktische info.................................................................................................................. 8
Introduction to SCM ......................................................................................................... 9
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 9
Supply Chain ............................................................................................................................ 9
Example Nike ........................................................................................................................... 9
Globalization .......................................................................................................................... 10
Example Apple ....................................................................................................................... 11
Inventory Management/ Voorraadbeheer ...................................................................... 12
Refresher ............................................................................................................................... 12
Types of inventory.................................................................................................................. 13
Inventory management objectives .......................................................................................... 13
1. Economisch doelstelling........................................................................................................................... 13
ABC Classification ................................................................................................................... 15
Determining optimal order quantities ..................................................................................... 17
Inventory-related costs .......................................................................................................... 17
EOQ Model ............................................................................................................................ 18
EOQ Model: Formulas ............................................................................................................ 20
EOQ Model: Example.............................................................................................................. 21
Question ................................................................................................................................ 21
EPQ Model ............................................................................................................................. 22
EOQ model with quantity discounts ........................................................................................ 23
EOQ model with demand uncertainty ..................................................................................... 25
Single-period inventory model ................................................................................................ 27
Warehouse Management ............................................................................................... 29
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 29
Warehousing activities ........................................................................................................... 31
Internal warehouse layout...................................................................................................... 33
Operations strategy................................................................................................................ 33
Storage strategy ..................................................................................................................... 34
Order picking strategy ............................................................................................................ 35
Picker-to-parts: Zoning ................................................................................................................................ 36
Picker-to-parts: Bacthing ............................................................................................................................. 36
Picker-to-parts: Routing ............................................................................................................................... 36
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Academiejaar 2021-2022
, RFID Tags ............................................................................................................................... 38
Capacity Decisions .......................................................................................................... 39
Measuring capacity ................................................................................................................ 39
Capacity Considerations ......................................................................................................... 40
Capacity planning decisions .................................................................................................... 41
Evaluating capacity alternatives.............................................................................................. 41
Decision trees ........................................................................................................................ 42
Decision tree with experimentation ........................................................................................ 44
Link to location analysis.......................................................................................................... 46
Global Production Networks & Locatiebeslissingen ......................................................... 47
1. Why do we live well? .......................................................................................................... 47
2. How to do the trick? ........................................................................................................... 47
3. Focus on mobile FDI............................................................................................................ 47
4. How to attract FDI? ............................................................................................................ 48
5. How do MNC’s decide on locations?.................................................................................... 48
6. Think in project definitions, not in sectors ........................................................................... 48
FDI – trick............................................................................................................................... 49
Global Production Networks ................................................................................................... 49
Value Chain Activities ............................................................................................................. 50
Demand/ Supply of Locations ................................................................................................. 50
Comparative Advantage ......................................................................................................... 51
Problem Definition ................................................................................................................. 51
Where to “Make”? ................................................................................................................. 52
Geographic Mobility ............................................................................................................... 52
Think projects, not sectors ...................................................................................................... 52
Mobility Trade-off .................................................................................................................. 52
Location Analysis – European Manufacturing Plant ......................................................... 53
Project definition ................................................................................................................... 53
Lesson learned from case? ...................................................................................................... 59
Decision Levels ....................................................................................................................... 59
Methodology Recap ............................................................................................................... 59
Project Definition ................................................................................................................... 60
Raw Materials & Services ....................................................................................................... 60
Utilities .................................................................................................................................. 60
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Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Financial Assumptions ............................................................................................................ 61
Critical Location Factors.......................................................................................................... 61
Critical Factor Analysis............................................................................................................ 61
Search Area............................................................................................................................ 61
Search Area – short list ........................................................................................................... 62
Balanced Location Assesment ................................................................................................. 62
Cost of doing business ............................................................................................................ 63
Cost of economics .................................................................................................................. 63
Cost advantage length ............................................................................................................ 63
Profitability Index Tree ........................................................................................................... 64
ROI Comparison ..................................................................................................................... 64
Location intangibles ............................................................................................................... 65
Cost / Quality Map ................................................................................................................. 65
Location USP’s........................................................................................................................ 66
Part 1 - Transportation ................................................................................................... 67
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 67
Modes of trasnport ................................................................................................................ 67
Rail transport ............................................................................................................................................... 67
Road transport ............................................................................................................................................. 68
Air transport................................................................................................................................................. 68
Waterway transport..................................................................................................................................... 68
Pipelines ....................................................................................................................................................... 69
Mode selection ...................................................................................................................... 69
Model Split Europe ................................................................................................................. 69
Model split USA ..................................................................................................................... 69
Transport costs ...................................................................................................................... 70
External costs ......................................................................................................................... 70
Outsourcing in logistics........................................................................................................... 71
Intermodel transport.............................................................................................................. 71
Costs of intermodel transport ................................................................................................. 72
Part 2 – The last mile ...................................................................................................... 73
The last mile .......................................................................................................................... 73
Impact of urbanisation on deliveries ....................................................................................... 73
E-commerce ........................................................................................................................... 74
How to reduce last mile cost? ...................................................................................................................... 76
Part 4 – Sustainable transport and mobility .................................................................... 77
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Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Vermeld – Measure ................................................................................................................ 77
Vermijd – Avoid ..................................................................................................................... 78
Verschuif – Shift ..................................................................................................................... 79
Verschoon – Clean .................................................................................................................. 80
Conclusie ............................................................................................................................... 80
Maritime Transport Systems + Hinterland ....................................................................... 81
Global Supply Chain ............................................................................................................... 81
The shipper problem .............................................................................................................. 81
Agenda .................................................................................................................................. 81
1. Actors/ Decisions ........................................................................................................ 82
Incoterms............................................................................................................................... 82
Chain Director ........................................................................................................................ 82
Alternative chain directors ..................................................................................................... 82
Performance criteria .............................................................................................................. 82
Decision tensions ................................................................................................................... 83
Buyer groups .......................................................................................................................... 83
Constrained decisions............................................................................................................. 83
Cost = ? .................................................................................................................................. 84
Decision heuristic ................................................................................................................... 84
Outsourcing logistic functions ................................................................................................. 84
Breakdown Logistics Market ................................................................................................... 84
Complexity............................................................................................................................. 85
Logistic Operators .................................................................................................................. 85
Physical Logistic Chain Operators ............................................................................................ 85
Weakest link .......................................................................................................................... 86
2. Waterborne Transport ................................................................................................ 86
Maritime Cargo types ............................................................................................................. 86
Growth in Maritime trade ...................................................................................................... 86
Growth drivers ....................................................................................................................... 87
Growth in Maritime Trade ...................................................................................................... 87
Regional shares ...................................................................................................................... 87
Import / Export ...................................................................................................................... 88
Shipping costs ........................................................................................................................ 88
Cost of Shipping ..................................................................................................................... 88
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Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Container demand ................................................................................................................. 88
Invention container ................................................................................................................ 89
Box shipping .......................................................................................................................... 89
Vessel dwell time ................................................................................................................... 89
Container shipping history ...................................................................................................... 90
Container Supply Chain .......................................................................................................... 90
Inter- vs. Multi-Modality ........................................................................................................ 90
Growth in containerized transport .......................................................................................... 90
GDP elasticity ......................................................................................................................... 91
Demand for container transport ............................................................................................. 91
Regular liner services.............................................................................................................. 91
Container Vessels ................................................................................................................... 92
Container carrier fleet ............................................................................................................ 92
Voyage costs .......................................................................................................................... 92
What happened with costs? ................................................................................................... 92
Big is beautiful? ...................................................................................................................... 93
Partners or Competitors? ....................................................................................................... 93
Operating Alliances ................................................................................................................ 93
(Operating) Market Shares ..................................................................................................... 93
Antwerp = Rotterdam............................................................................................................. 94
Land-leg makes difference ...................................................................................................... 94
Ports ...................................................................................................................................... 94
Port attractiveness ................................................................................................................. 94
Terminals ............................................................................................................................... 95
Global terminal operators ...................................................................................................... 95
Terminal operators................................................................................................................. 95
Long term outlook .................................................................................................................. 95
COVID impact ......................................................................................................................... 96
3. Land ........................................................................................................................... 96
Hinterland concentration ....................................................................................................... 96
Mode characteristics? ............................................................................................................ 97
Inland Waterways .................................................................................................................. 97
Inland Terminals .................................................................................................................... 97
Sample................................................................................................................................... 98
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Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Short distance (300 km) .......................................................................................................... 98
Medium distance (600 km) ..................................................................................................... 98
Long distance (1000 km) ......................................................................................................... 99
Demand forecasting ..................................................................................................... 100
Principles of forecasting ....................................................................................................... 100
Types of models ................................................................................................................... 100
Qualitative models ............................................................................................................... 100
Quantitative methods .......................................................................................................... 101
Time series model ................................................................................................................ 101
Level patterns ...................................................................................................................... 102
Example ............................................................................................................................... 103
Question .............................................................................................................................. 104
Trend pattern ....................................................................................................................... 104
Seasonality pattern .............................................................................................................. 104
Causal models ...................................................................................................................... 105
Example ............................................................................................................................... 106
Measuring forecast accuracy ................................................................................................ 106
Example ............................................................................................................................... 107
Selecting the right model ...................................................................................................... 107
Importance of forecasting .................................................................................................... 107
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Academiejaar 2021-2022
, HOC 1 - 14/02/2022
Praktische info
De slides + additionele documenten op canvas is hetgeen we moeten kennen, met de nadruk op de
slides.
Het examen is een gesloten boek examen in april. We krijgen het formularium dat we in de wpo’s
gaan gebruiken ook tijdens het examen. Er zullen open vragen, multiple choice vragen met gis
correctie en oefeningen aan bod komen. De verhoudign tussen theorie en oefeningen is 50/50. Naar
het einde van onze lessen gaan we een proefexamen krijgen, deze is qua moeilijkheid en opbouw
heel gelijkaardig aan het echte examen zodanig dat we ons al kunnen voorbereiden voor het echte
examen.
De slides van de introductie tot SCM mag bekeken worden, maar moet niet. Dit kan ons gewoon
even helpen.
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Academiejaar 2021-2022
, HOC 1 - 14/02/2022
Introduction to SCM
Introduction
De essentie van het verhaal is dat we communicatie (informatie) moeten hebben tussen alle
betrokken partijen om de supply chain te kunnen optimaliseren. Vanuit de lagere niveau’s (winkels)
gaan we informatie moeten doorgeven over de verkoop. Dit moet dan worden doorgegeven aan
hogere niveau’s in de supply chain. Hierdoor weten we hoeveel vraag er is naar alle producten die in
de winkels zijn. Stel dat er een promotie gaat georganiseerd worden voor een product, dan is het
van hoog belang dat de hogere niveau’s dit weten zodat ze hun aanbod kunnen aanpassen aan de
potentieel hogere vraag.
In deze cursus gaan we kijken naar de
interacties. Bv. hoe kunnen we inschatten
vooraf wat er volgende week of volgende
maand de vraag zijn van onze eindklant voor
onze producten. Hoe kunnen we leveranciers
selecteren? Wat zijn belangrijke criteria, hoe
zorgen we ervoor dat we leveranciers
hebben die betrouwbaar zijn, die de juiste
kwaliteit kunnen leveren, die voldoende
capaciteit hebben,... Waar in de SC gaan we
hoeveel voorraad nodig hebben. Hoe nemen we deze beslissing? Hoa gaan we de opslag in
magazijnen praktisch organiseren? Hoe gaan we transport efficiënt organiseren?
Bovenstaande zaken zullen in dit cursus aan bod komen.
Supply Chain
Supply chain management is een businessfunctie die niet enkel gaat over de fysieke flow van
goederen maar ook over dat deel van informatie en het afstemmen van beslissingen onderling. Dat
gaat ervoor zorgen dat je als supply chain in zijn geheel een competitief voordeel kan verkrijgen. Bv.
Als je heel goed werkt met alle factoren binnen je supply chain ga je minder stockageproblemen
hebben voor je klanten in je retail stores. Dit is een voorbeeld van bijkomende waardecreatie voor je
klanten.
Example Nike
Door hun internationale
scope hebben ze een veel
meer gecompliceerde
supply chain. Dit is wat je
bij heel veel bedrijven ziet.
Sinds de jaren 80 willen
bedrijven hun scope
vergroten en dat ze daarbij
dan ook gebruik gaan
maken van meer
leveranciers en goedkopere
arbeid in vooral aziatische landen. Op die manier ga je ineens SC krijgen die veel internationaler zijn
en daardoor veel complexer. Nike heeft bijvoorbeeld een 800 tal fabrieken off shore, waarvan meer
dan een derde in China en meer dan een derde in Vietnam, waar ze 500.000 producten produceren.
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Academiejaar 2021-2022
, HOC 1 - 14/02/2022
De producten worden geconsolideerd (in een container geplaatst) en gaan dan via havens richting
de verschillende landen. In België komen ze aan in het haven van antwerpen. Waarom? Omdat Nike
zijn Europees distributiecentrum plaatsvindt in Laakdal. Het is heel strategisch gelegen naast het
albert kanaal, waardoor de schepen via het haven van antwerpen naar dat distributiecentrum
gevoerd kunnen worden en dan van daaruit verder verdeeld worden per trein, truck, ... naar
retailers over heel Europa verspreid. Zelfs een deel van de e-commerce word van daaruit
afgehandeld.
Dit toont aan dat SC’s in de realiteit veel groter en complexer kunnen worden, daardoor ook veel
gevoeliger.
Globalization
De Evergreen schip dat vastbleef in de Suez kanaal had een enorm grote impact op veel supply
chains. De toevoer van onderdelen stonden on hold, waardoor veel productiebedrijven in
problemen zijn terechtgekomen. Ook corona heeft aangetoont dat supply chains kwetsbaar zijn voor
disrupties.
Je kan je afvragen wat de economische redenering is achter globalisatie? Waarom zijn SC’s
tegenwoordig zo internationaal geworden? → Omdat het transport door die enorme
containerschepen heel efficiënt georganiseerd kan worden. Deze schepen laten toe om producten
op een goedkope en efficiënte manier te vervoeren. Dit zou je nooit kunnen realiseren via
luchttransport. Luchttransport is
enkel geschikt voor goederen die
weinig plaats innemen en een heel
hoge waarde hebben tegenover de
oppervlakte die ze innemen. Voor het
overige kan je luchttransport ook
gebruiken voor dringende zendingen,
maar dan ga je er als consument ook
voor moeten betalen. Het voordeel
van containerschepen is dat het
goedkoop is, het nadeel is dat het redelijk lang duurt. Een containerschip is namelijk een maand
onderweg van Azië naar Europa.
In Rotterdam zitten we in 2015 aan ongeveer 12.000.000 TEU. TEU staat voor Twenty feet Equivalent
Units. De haven van rotterdam verwerkt het equivalent van 12.000.000 containers van twintig voet
per jaar. Zo een container van 20 voet is grofweg 6m x 2,5m x 2,5m.
Deze massieve stijging in leveringen
wordt ook bevestigd door de verschil
in grootte van de containerschepen
door de jaren heen.
De grootste schip heeft 18 lagen
containers op elkaar gestapeld met
23 rijen. Deze schip heeft een lengte
van 400 meter.
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Academiejaar 2021-2022
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