Summary
TOE samenvatting Kwalitatief onderzoek
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Alle aantekeningen die je moet weten voor het onderwerp kwalitatief onderzoek.
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TOE KwalitatiefMeeting 1 – 14 mei
Data collection and analysis
Basic idea: question and answers
- Data you try to collect is about: thoughts, expieriences, opinions etc.
- Need verbalization, transformation into language
The interviewer helps in this process by:
- Posing the right questions (contents)
- Motivational behavior (relational)
Why do we conduct interviews
Understand their perspectives (of a small number of people) on a particular idea,
program, or situation.
Features of a good interview:
- Reciprocal interactoin (interaction can influence the interview)
- Responsiveness (the respondent)
- Trust (keeping the data safe)
Attributes of interviewer
- Build rapport
- Do active listening
o Understanding rather than debating, also to underderstand the
answer
- Ask relevant follow up questions
- DO NOT THINK ABOUT ANALYTICAL CONSTRUCTS YET
Forms of interviews
- Face to face
o Observe their movements, if possible have a second interviewer/
observer
- Telephone
- Online
- Go-along interview
o Collecting information, when you interview a CEO, walking around in
the building
- Ethnographic interivew
o Follow the group for months
,How do we do interviews? – stages
1. Arrival and introduction
- Establishing raport
- Hosting the interaction
2. Introducing the research
- Seeking informed consent
- Scope of the interview
3. Beginning the interview
- Contextual background information
4. During the interview
- Breadth and depth of coverage
5. Ending the interview
- Advance notice
- Positive note
- Listen for doorstep data
Focus groups
You ask multipule people a question and they are allowed to discuss with
eachother
- Data changes during the focusgroup
- Data is generated through interaction
- Let participants listen,reflect and consider their own standpoint futher
- Not a group interview
- Spontaneity – naturalistic setting
Why do we do focus groups
- Diagnose problems
- Stimulate new ideas or identify new relationships
- Evaluate programs
- Interpret quantitative results
The purpose is not to reach consensus
E.g.s: assessing the perceptions of young people about their risk of STD’s
Gathering opinions of different stakeholders on the proposed changes to 30%
rule
What could be some of the strenghts and weaknesses of a
focus group?
- Group interaction strength
- New topics emerge strength
- Unskilled facilitator / moderator
, - Time and logistical effort
- Complex data analysis
- Uncomfortable participants
Avoid focus groups when:
- imply commitments you cannot keep
- participants are not comfortable with each other
- topic is not appropriate for the participants
- project requires statistical data
how do we do focus groups?
- Planning
- recruiting
- moderating
- analyzing and reporting
Stages of a focus group
1. Scene-setting and ground rules
2. Individual introductions
3. Opening topic
4. Duscussion
5. Ending the discussion
Al groups go through these stages a model of group phases (zie dia)
Group composition and size
- Heterogenity (diverse participants) vs. Homogenity (same participants)
- Strangers, acquaintances, pre-existing groups
- Group size
o Depends on your research topic
o Depends on sensitivity or complexity of the issue
o Depends on breadth or depth of data required
o Depends on population group involved
Forms of focus groups
- Two-way – Two groups, inter and intra group discussion. Group 2 watches
as group one discusses (and vice versa). By hearing what one group
thinks, the other group discusses and reaches conclusions
- Dual moderator – Two moderators; One moderator ensures the smooth
progression of the session, while the other moderator makes sure that all
topics are covered
- Dueling moderator – Two moderators; Each offers a contrary viewpoint
to the other. This facilitates thinking about different sides of the issue in
hand
, - Respondent moderator – A participant takes on the temporary role of
moderator. This increases the chances for diverse responses
- Online focus groups
Online focus groups
- Chat room focus groups – All the respondents participate at the same
time.
- Bulletin board focus groups – A bulletin board is created. The starting
and ending dates of the bulletin board groups are communicated to the
respondents beforehand. The respondents can participate at a time of their
choice.
Designing fieldwork material for internet
- Pre-upload questions and prompts
- Short and clear question
- More enabling techniques (photo’s, videos, etc.)
- Online gaming
Topic guides (topic lists)
Document that outlines the key questions, subtopics and prompts to be used
data collection
- Prompts: question you ask the participants when they already talk about
the topic.
- Prompting questions: asking the participants questions about topics
they never asked themselfs
- Designing topic guides
o Degree of consistency in data collection
o Flexibility to pursue the individual, salient details
o Consultation and discussion with stakeholders
o Common understanding of the intended approach
- Content, structure, and length of guides
o Review the specifications, study objective, literature etc.
o Group and order key issues without repetition
o Prevent ‘scope creep’ when you ask een question so general, it
could be anything
Memos/field notes
- Data collection summary sheets
o key points
o additional participant details
o issues relating to the context, child walking around
o topic guid evaluation and thoughts about refinement
o thought relating to analysis
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