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Samenvatting biodiversiteit en diersystematiek 2
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Summary of unit 8, the ecology of life - Biology, a global approach, 12th edition
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Samenvatting Biology chapter 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
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Samenvatting Biology chapter 13, 14, 15, 16
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Inhoud1 – chordaten .......................................................................................................................................... 4
2 – Craniaten tot en met Vissen.............................................................................................................. 8
Craniaten ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Haikouella ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Haikouichthys .................................................................................................................................. 9
Slijmprikken..................................................................................................................................... 9
Prikken (of lampreien, negenogen): kaakloze vissen .................................................................... 10
Ostracodermen ............................................................................................................................. 10
Conodonten .................................................................................................................................. 10
Kaakdieren (Gnathostomen) (waartoe bijna alle vertebraten en ook beenvissen (osteichthyes)
behoren) ........................................................................................................................................... 11
De zijlijn, laterale lijn of Linea lateralis ......................................................................................... 11
Bloedsomloop vis .............................................................................................................................. 12
Ademhaling vissen ............................................................................................................................ 12
Kraakbeenvissen (chondrichthyes) ................................................................................................... 13
Straalvinnigen vissen en lobvinnige vissen ....................................................................................... 14
De stamboom.................................................................................................................................... 15
De straalvinnige vissen (Actinopterygii)............................................................................................ 15
Beenvissen (osteichthyes)................................................................................................................. 15
Samengevat de eigenschappen van Vertebraten (gewervelden)..................................................... 15
3 – lobvinnigen en amfibieën................................................................................................................ 16
Klasse Sarcopterygii .......................................................................................................................... 16
Stamboompie 1 ................................................................................................................................. 16
Stamboompie 2 ................................................................................................................................. 17
Amfibieën .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Orde Salamanders (Caudata) ........................................................................................................ 17
Orde kikkers (Anura) ..................................................................................................................... 17
Orde Wormsalamanders (Gymnophiona, vroeger Apoda) ........................................................... 17
4 – Reptielen ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Mythes .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Amnioten .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Het amniotische ei ........................................................................................................................ 20
Vroege amnioten .............................................................................................................................. 21
De fylogenie van amnioten ............................................................................................................... 21
1
, Diapsiden: twee openingen .............................................................................................................. 22
Anapsida: GEEN openingen .............................................................................................................. 22
Synapsida: één opening .................................................................................................................... 22
De clade der reptielen omvat…......................................................................................................... 22
Dinosauriërs ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Slangen .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Orgaan van Jacobson ........................................................................................................................ 26
2 groepen slangen zien infrarood: .................................................................................................... 26
Gif ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Het ontstaan van gifslangen door Freek Vonk .................................................................................. 27
Schildpadden..................................................................................................................................... 28
Krokodilachtigen ............................................................................................................................... 28
5 – Vogels .............................................................................................................................................. 29
Vogels zijn Archosauriers .................................................................................................................. 29
Vogels stammen af van theropoda .................................................................................................. 31
Teropoda ........................................................................................................................................... 31
Tetrapoda .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Hoatzin .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Archaeopteryx................................................................................................................................... 32
Soorten voeten bij vogels ................................................................................................................. 33
6 – Zoogdieren ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Zoogdieren zijn.................................................................................................................................. 34
Amnioten .......................................................................................................................................... 34
Kenmerken ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Cloacadieren, snaveldieren of (ppt:) Monotremen (Monotremata) ................................................ 35
Echidnas (mierenegel) en;............................................................................................................. 35
Platpus (vogelbekdier). ................................................................................................................. 35
Buideldieren ...................................................................................................................................... 35
Opossums;..................................................................................................................................... 35
Kangoeroes en; ............................................................................................................................. 35
Koalas ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Eutheria (Placentale zoogdieren)...................................................................................................... 36
Fylogenetische relaties van zoogdieren ............................................................................................ 37
De belangrijkste orden der Placentadieren (Eutheria of Placentalia) .............................................. 38
7 – Primaten .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Kenmerken ........................................................................................................................................ 39
2
, 1. De Lemuren van Madagascar ................................................................................................... 40
2. De Tarsiers (spookdiertjes) van zuidoost Azië .......................................................................... 40
3. De Anthropoiden....................................................................................................................... 40
Stamboompie .................................................................................................................................... 40
Geschiedenis ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Mensapen ......................................................................................................................................... 42
Hominoiden ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Scheiding gibbons in de stamboom mensapen (hominoidea)...................................................... 42
Een aantal onderscheidende kenmerken van mensen t.o.v. andere hominoiden (volgens
Campbell) ...................................................................................................................................... 43
De vroegste mens, bekende onderzoekers: ..................................................................................... 43
Informatie homosoorten .................................................................................................................. 44
Fossielen tot nu toe .......................................................................................................................... 44
Hominiden......................................................................................................................................... 45
Twee algemeen voorkomende misconcepties over vroege Hominiden: ......................................... 45
Australopithicus ................................................................................................................................ 46
H. habilis............................................................................................................................................ 46
Homo ergaster .................................................................................................................................. 46
Homo erectus.................................................................................................................................... 46
Homo neanderthalensis .................................................................................................................... 47
Taung kind ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Louis Leakey ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Practicum Lancetvisje ........................................................................................................................... 50
Practicum haai ...................................................................................................................................... 51
Practicum Kieuw ................................................................................................................................... 52
Anatomie kikker .................................................................................................................................... 53
Practica schedels ................................................................................................................................... 54
Practicum vorm en functie zoogdierschedels ....................................................................................... 56
3
, 1 – chordaten
Campbell: 34.1
Ontstaan van chordaten: ±550miljoen jaar geleden aan het einde van het Cambrium.
De eersten met een ruggengraat zijn ontstaan uit lancetvisjes die een notochord (chorda, vandaar
chordaten) en een dorsale, holle zenuwstreng (neurale buis) hebben.
De chorda, het notochord
Flexibele staaf die zich bevindt tussen het verteringskanaal en de neurale buis en biedt
skeletsteun.
De meeste volwassen dieren hebben slechts resten van de embryonale chorda, bij mensen
zijn dit de tussenwervelschijven.
Naaste verwanten aan chordaten zijn de stekelhuidigen (echinodermata) en eikelwormen
(hemichordata), die embryologische en larvale kenmerken delen
Chordaten vormen samen met de echinodermata en hemichordata de nieuwmondigen
(=deuterestomia)
Chordaten zijn bilateraal (tweezijdig symmetrisch)
Figure 1 Campbell: 34.2 Phylogeny of living chordates.
Ook gemeenschappelijk aan chordaten (zakpijpen bijv) en echinodermata (zeelelies bijv) is de
sessiele/vastzittende levenswijze: sessiliteit.
4
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