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Complete samenvatting Strategic Storytelling: colleges, gastcolleges & artikelen
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Samenvatting van hoorcolleges, gastcolleges, abstract (en vaak) conclusies van artikelen
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1Strategic Storytelling
, 2
Samenvatting van hoorcolleges, gastcolleges, abstract (en vaak) conclusies van artikelen
door Sophie Gersjes
Week 1
Artikel 1: ORAL NARRATIVES OF PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
- William Labov
Narrative is defined as one way of recounting past events, in which the order of
narrative clauses match the order of events as they occurred.
Structural organization of narrative
, 3
Narrative structure is established by the existence of temporal juncture between two
independent clauses (verbinding van tijd).
- Temporal juncture is said to exist between two such clauses when a change in
the order of the clauses produces a change in the interpretation of the order of the
referenced events in past time. These are narrative clauses.
- Narrative clauses respond to a potential question, “what happened then?” and
form the complicating action of the narrative.
1. Begins with Orientation → who, when, where & what were they doing.
Introducing and identifying the participants in the actions: the time, the
place and the initial behavior.
2. Ends with Coda → statement that returns to the present, precluding the
question → precludes (uitsluiten) what happened then?
Evaluative component
To establish the evaluative point of the story we find irrealis clauses (irreel) —negatives,
conditionals (condities), futures (voorspellingen) ,—which refer to events that did not
happen or might have happened or had not yet happened.
- Irrealis clauses evaluate the events that did occur by comparing them in an
evaluation section.
- Narrators can interrupt the story to describe how they felt, quote themselves,
cite a third party or speak for themselves.
- Evaluation provides justification for the claim. It's a response to so what.
- Sequences of clauses of equal duration may be termed chronicles: not designed
to evaluate.
- Evaluative clauses are concentrated in an evaluation section suspending
the action before a critical event → establish point of the narrative.
Reportability and credibility
Reportability & tellability justification of the delivery of the narrative and the claim on
social attention needed to deliver it.
- Relative to situation and relations with the audience.
, 4
- Most narratives are focused on a most reportable event.
- Reporting only most important does only form the abstract not the narrative.
- There is an inverse relationship between reportability and credibility: the more
reportable the less credible.
- A resource for credibility is objective evaluation.
Preconstruction
Where should I begin? Given the marked reportability of e0 and the need to establish its
credibility, the narrator must answer the question, “How did this (remarkable) event
come about?” You cannot begin with e0.
- The answer requires a shift of focus backwards in time to a precursor event e-1,
which is linked to e0 in the causal network in which events are represented in
memory.
- The causal links may be event to goal, goal to attempt, or attempt to outcome.
- Process continues recursively until the question why did you do that is absurd
since everything is described.
- The mundane event (alledaagse gebeurtenis) is mostly the orientation.
- Triggering events come after the orientation and head to the reportable event.
Praise and blame
The participants in many narratives include protagonist (hoofdpersoon), antagonist
(tegenstander) and third party witnesses (derden), of which the first is the most
complex.
- One can identify many egos present: the self as original author of the narrative
and its immediate animator; the self as actor; the self as generalized other
(normally as “you”); the anti-self as seen by others; and the principal, the self in
whose interest the story is told.
- The re-creation of the causal network involves the assignment of praise and
blame for the critical events and their outcomes.
- Most narratives of conflict involve linguistic devices that contribute to
- Polarization of prot and ant.
, 5
- Other forms lead to integration.
- Devices used contain deletion of events, manipulation of grammatical features of
voice (active/passive/zero causatives/authority/) and adding pseudo events. E.g.
My dad let me go with him.
When the manipulations are removed it is possible to approximate the original chain of
events on which the narrative is based. A useful exercise is a sub rosa: in the interest of
the antagonist. When comparing these it deepens the understanding.
Artikel 2: Narratieve Analyse (Sanders & Krieken)
Dit is een uitgebreid artikel met voorbeelden wat handig is om zelf ook helemaal
te lezen.
- Stap 1: stel vast of het om een verhaal gaat Is er tijdverloop tussen
specifieke gebeurtenissen die beleefd worden door een specifieke
persoon of groep personen?
- Stap 2: identificeer de gebruikscontext Identificeer het onderwerp.
Identificeer de zender. Identificeer de primaire doelgroep en eventuele
meelezende, secundaire doelgroep(en). Identificeer de communicatieve
doelen en de organisatiedoelen (dit is vergelijkbaar met de eerste stap
van een functionele analyse, zie hoofdstuk 1).
- Stap 3: identificeer het verhaalplot Identificeer en analyseer de
vertelwaardige gebeurtenis. Identificeer en analyseer de elementen van
de grondstructuur (orientation, complicating actions, critical event,
resolution, evaluations, coda). Identificeer en analyseer terugkerende
thema’s (motieven).
- Stap 4: analyseer de narratologische kenmerken Analyseer de temporele
structuur (met name chronologie, flashback, flashforward). Analyseer de
verteller (extradiëgetisch, intradiëgetisch). Analyseer de personages en de
rollen die zij vervullen (met name held, opponent, et cetera; round en flat
characters).
, 6
- Stap 5: analyseer de talige en tekstuele kenmerken Analyseer de
tijdkenmerken (met name werkwoordtijden, versnelling, vertraging).
Analyseer de uitdrukkingen van perspectief (verwijzingen naar
personages; interne, externe focalisatie; demonstratie, invasie). 26
Analyseer de citaten (met name directe, indirecte en vrije indirecte rede).
- Stap 6: evalueer de gemaakte keuzes en doe verbetersuggesties Is het
kernverhaal passend bij de communicatieve doelen en organisatiedoelen?
Zijn de narratologische elementen geschikt om de communicatieve
doelen en eventuele organisatiedoelen te bereiken? Zijn de tekstuele
kenmerken geschikt om de communicatieve doelen en eventuele
organisatiedoelen te bereiken? Welke verbetersuggesties kun je op basis
van de analyse doen?
Artikel 3: Strategisch communiceren met narratieven
Paradoxale functies en effecten José Sanders* en Kobie van Krieken*
Inleiding
Verhalen kunnen worden ingezet voor het vergroten van begrijpelijkheid of
overtuigingskracht. Onder welke voorwaarden dit effectief is, is minder bekend. In het
artikel gaat het over de begrijpelijkheid en overtuigingskracht van verhalen. Verhalen
hebben drie effecten:
1. affectief/persuasief, meer dan een uiteenzetting van feiten
2. Stellen levendig voor ogen
3. Identiteit geven aan lezers (voorbeeldrol).
In dit artikel worden verhalen in strategische vorm gezien.
Wat is een verhaal (en wat is het niet?)
Def verhalende tekst: uiteenzetting die verwijst naar in de tijd geplaatste, momentane
gebeurtenissen die standaard in chronologische volgorde worden weergegeven. Het
verloop van de tijd staat los van de verteltijd hier en nu. Dit betekent dat er een
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