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The psychology of happiness summary + lectures + literature
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The psychology of happiness summary + lectures + literature
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The psychology of happinessSOW-PSB2SP90E
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Lecture 1 - Introduction & Social Aspects of Happiness (Ap Dijksterhuis) .............................. 2
Aknin, L. B., Dunn, E. W., Proulx, J., Lok, I., & Norton, M. I. (2020). Does spending
money on others promote happiness?: A registered replication report. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 119(2), e15–e26. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000191
................................................................................................................................................ 9
Epley, N., & Schroeder, J. (2014). Mistakenly seeking solitude. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General, 143(5), 1980–1999. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037323 .................... 10
Lecutre 2 - Sex and happiness .................................................................................................. 13
Blanchflower, D., Oswald, A. (2004). Money, sex and happiness: an empirical study.
Scand. J. Econ. 106, 393–415. doiorg.ru.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.0347-0520.2004.00369.x
.............................................................................................................................................. 16
Muise, A., Schimmack, U., & E. A. Impett (2016). Sexual Frequency Predicts Greater
Well-Being, But More is Not Always Better. Social Psychological and Personality Science,
7(4), 295-302 ........................................................................................................................ 17
Lecture 3 - Happiness & Work ................................................................................................ 18
- Arvey, Harpaz, Liao. (2004) Work Centrality and Post-Award Work Behavior of
Lottery Winners. ................................................................................................................... 25
Lecture 4 - Happiness and religion – Hein van Schie .............................................................. 27
Lim & Putnam (2010). Religion, social networks and life satisfaction ............................... 34
Haidt et al (2008) - Hive Psychology, Happiness, and Public Policy .................................. 35
Lecture 5 - Happiness & Sleep ................................................................................................. 39
Essay Sleep Essentialism ..................................................................................................... 53
Prioritizing Sleep Health: Public Health Policy Recommendations .................................... 53
Lecture 6 - Mindfullness: Does it bring happiness? - Johan Karremans.................................. 54
Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). Lindsay &
Creswell ................................................................................................................................ 60
Lecture 7 – Student Well-being – Tirza van Noorden ............................................................. 64
Dodd (2021) Student mental health research: moving forwards with clear definitions ....... 71
Dodd et al. (2021). University student well-being in the United Kingdom: a scoping review
of its conceptualisation and measurement ............................................................................ 71
Exam......................................................................................................................................... 73
1
,Lecture 1 - Introduction & Social Aspects of Happiness (Ap
Dijksterhuis)
Happiness..
- Provides energy
- Leads to lower blood pressure after stressful event
- Leads to a better immune system
- Leads to more tolerance for pain
Research Nuns: the longevity of the nuns. Very happy nuns lived longer (93.5) than very
unhappy (86.6), unhappy, happy nuns.
But can we influence our own happiness?
Augustines: pursued of happiness is useless, pray the lord and then you can be happy. This
changes. 2000 years ago: Greeks says you have the right to be happy you.
Happiness correlates with intelligence and attractiveness.
Happiness correlates with national income. Rich countries are happier than poor countries.
What about circumstances?
Why do we think they are so important?
1. Immediate reward or punishment
2. Correlation versus causation
If you buy new shoes, you are happy. For short term. Circumstances, buy new shoes for
example are for our feelings / we think that they are important for happiness.
Predicting emotion: which emotion?
If you go to Zanzibar you feel happy. If you need to go to the dentist nobody thinks that is a
joyfull expierence.
Predicting emotion: intensity?
Intensity of emotion is stronger when you know you go 3 weeks instead of 1 week on
vacation.
Prediction emotion: duration?
We are making mistakes about how long does these emotions last.
Prospective students are asked:
a) How happy they are and
b) How happy they would be two months after their relationship ended.
Before breakup think are happier (5.5) than after the break-up they feel 3.9 (on a scale of 1-7).
In fact, it doesn’t matter after the two months, they still feel a 5.5. This is a distortion. We
tend to think that changes in our environment and life circumstances have a much more
durable effect than they actually have, people are much more flexible than they think. It
changes temporarily but it moves back quite quickly.
2
,Correlation versus causation
Some people think that money is correlated with happiness. There is a correlation but not so
strong. People that are happy make more career and make more money so in the end they are
more happy.
A correlation is not a positive relationship. You don’t know the direction. A correlation is a
statistical indicator of the relationship between variables. Causation means that changes in one
variable brings about changes in the other; there is a cause-and-effect relationship between
variables.
The happiness formula
- Happiness is
o 40% genes
o 10-20% circumstances
o 40-50% choices you make yourself
- But
o not in an individual level, it is about explained variance
o only stable western democracies
o they interact!
o And more…
Effects of covid pandemic on happiness. There are different effects on happiness. People are
feeling scared with first lock-down. Effects like you meet less people, less support, long term
consequences: poverty (armoede), mental health issues (during lockdown more mental issues
but we recover quite fast, in summer less problems so we are flexible).
3
, If you look back on your daily basis and you write 3 things that went well. Most thing are
activities you do with people. So social bonding, socializing is so important for happiness.
How high is the correlation with happiness:
- Education level 1%
- Intelligence 2.9%
- Attractiveness 1.2%
- Income 2.9%
- Number of friends exploration variation is 7.3% thus friends are really important!
The social component of happiness
- Social exclusion: experiment with 2 people throwing a ball and exclude another
person. Brain activity and MRI: social pain, there is overlap with physical pain.
Evolutionairy: being left out, is something you experience as a signal/alarm you need to do
something.
Exclusion – three stages
1. Pain
2. Pressure on fundamental needs such as need to belong, autonomy/ control, and self-
worth.
3. Repairing: do something to establish affiliation, or do something you are good at.
The average brain
- 1.4 kg
- Costs +20 % of our energy
- 80-100 million brain cells
The social cortex
4
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