revision material for foundation in microbiology 10th edition test bank
revision material for foundation in microbiology 10th edition test bank
revision material for foundation in microbiology 10th edition test bank
revision material for foundation in microbiology 10th edition test bank
...
revision material for foundation in microbiology 10th edition test bank
revision material for foundation in microbiology 10th edition test bank revision material for foundation in microbiology 10th
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FOUNDATION IN
MICROBIOLOGY 10TH
EDITION TEST BANK
,Sample Test
Answers to Writing to Learn Questions/Writing Challenge Questions
CHAPTER 1
1. What does it mean to say microbes are ubiquitous?
From the Latin ubique, meaning ―everywhere‖, it is a succinct way of saying
that microbes exist everywhere throughout the natural world, even areas with
extreme conditions. Other ways to express this idea are the terms universally
widespread and constantly present. The only environments that are microbe-
free have probably been artificially sterilized by humans.
2. What is meant by diversity?
The term diversity is used to denote the immense variety in different types of
organisms, with regard to such characteristics as appearance, life style, and
distribution. Although about 1.2 million different species of organisms have
been discovered and named, this is only a small fraction of the true diversity
present over the entire planet and its millions of habitats. The case study
emphasizes that we are still at the early stages in exploring the richness of life
(especially of the microbial type) that is hidden and largely unknown because
of small size and inaccessiblity.
3. Most important events and discoveries:
Many hundreds of separate scientists and labs contributed to the rise of
microbiology during its early history. Tools such as the microscope allowed
direct observation of samples and their microbial contents. Microbes were
subsequently seen as discrete entities that could be observed, described, and
documented much like larger organisms. Development of laboratory
techniques for culturing microbes using sterile techniques allowed
macroscopic handling and control of microbes so they could be studied and
understood in greater depth.
,Application of the scientific method and experiments to standardize the
requirements for fact-based inquiries were very important. The abandonment
of the spontaneous generation theory was especially significant because it
departed from superstition and prejudice in favor of the scientific method. The
institution of the germ theory of disease and the development of aseptic
techniques were an essential contribution to medical aspects of microbiology.
The knowledge that microbes cause food spoilage and disease led to early
attempts to control microbes using heat and other methods.
4. Use of the scientific method:
A hypothesis is a statement put forth by an investigator that purports to
explain a phenomenon based upon a collection of observations, tests, and
other objective criteria. It can be tested experimentally. A theory is a
statement of confidence that scientifically-based observations provide a
factual explanation for some natural phenomenon. It is supported by
measurable data collected from numerous experiments used to test the
hypothesis.
Examples: For years, it was not really known what was the exact cause of
tooth decay. Various hypotheses were proposed that acid, sugar, tooth
hygiene, and other factors were involved. Finally, after having the correct
conditions for experimentation (on animals that lacked normal resident
microbes), it was determined that a combination of excess dietary sugar, lack
of cleaning, and certain streptococci living in the mouth were the primary
factors.
Likewise, the germ theory of disease started out as a hypothesis, but after
thorough verification, it became not only a theory, but is now considered a law
because it has held true over several centuries of investigation.
5. Classification of microbes
Evolution is a process by which organisms gradually change (evolve) over
long periods of time through inheritance of modified characteristics from
ancestors. It asserts that all organisms arise from preexisting forms and that
this relatedness shows itself by similarities in structure, physiology, and
genetics. Biologists and microbiologists use various means to show the
pattern of evolution, including trees, taxonomy, classification, and
nomenclature.
, Taxonomy is a hierarchical system, from general to specific, for assembling
organisms into a scheme that emphasizes their origins and relatedness.
Classification is the process of collecting organisms into distinct taxonomic
groups according to defined characteristics. Nomenclature is the naming of
these categories in collaboration with their level of classification. Most
classification schemes are based on evolutionary relatedness, with organisms
that are more closely related placed in the same taxonomic groups.
The correct order of taxa, from broadest and most inclusive to most specific,
is: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
The five Kingdom system groups the archaea with the bacteria in the
prokaryotic category. In comparison the domain system emphasizes the
evolutionary separation of the Archaea from the Bacteria and their early
relatedness with the Eukarya.
The binomial system of nomenclature assigns a genus and species (scientific)
name to each organism; the first letter of the genus is capitalized, the species
is lowercase, and the two names are underlined or italicized. This system
standardizes naming and ensures consistency and universality. Names may
also provide an indication of noteworthy characteristics of the organisms or its
discoverer.
6. Sources for new infections
(a) A large number of new infectious diseases arise from animals living in
environments where they have crossed paths with humans. Since 1969, at
least 20 new viral diseases have been reported in humans (see Making
Connections 25.1). Most of these have not spread uncontrollably through the
population, but a few, such as HIV and Zika virus infections, developed into
pandemics. Some of the new diseases are caused by well-known microbes
that have become drug resistant (MRSA) and others have mutated to become
more infectious for human beings (some influenza strains).
(b) Most of the time outbreaks of newer diseases receive more negative
attention from the media than is warranted, often leading to unfounded fear of
diseases and germ phobia rather than helping to educate and inform the
public. Understanding the facts about disease outbreaks and learning
methods of dealing with them would be a much more valuable contribution to
sensible coverage.
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