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Summary exam material Linguistics/Linguistics Eng-VT-1 COMPLETE
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A study of Syntax Hs 1 t/m 3 Contrastieve grammatica Engels Hs. 1 t/m 15
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Sammenvatting Contrastieve Grammatica H16-H26
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---Periode 1---Syntax
1.2 Sentences according to their grammatical form
- Statements (mededelingen, declarative sentences)
You are cold, He has seen Harry
- Questions (vragen, interrogative sentences)
Are you cold? Has he seen Harry?
content questions (require more than a yes/no answer)
What are they doing/ Why aren't they listening
- Commands (bevelen, imperative sentences)
Wait a minute, Get in the bowl!
No subject in the sentence
Will you be quiet! (Questing in form but command in function)
- Exclamations (uitroepen, Exclamatory sentences)
Express speaker’s attitude about something
Isn't she wonderful! How oddly he behaved!
Simple, compound, and complex sentences
Zinsontleden
Noun = zelfstandig naamwoord (Table)
Article = Lidwoorden (The, a, an)
Adjective = bijvoeglijk naamwoord (Big table)
Verb = werkwoord (To walk, To be)
Adverbs = bijwoorden (He walks slowly)
Particle = de ‘To’ voor hele werkwoord (To swim)
Pronoun = (persoonlijke) voornaamwoorden (He, they, I)
Numeral = Rang- en Hoofdtelwoorden (First, second, one, two)
Quantifier = woorden die een hoeveelheid aangeven
Preposition = voorzetsels (On, Between, At)
Conjunctions = Voegwoord (And, Although)
Interjection = (Oh gosh, Sorry)
Summary blue book p. 9-15
1. Articles
= Lidwoorden, bepaald(definite) or onbepaald(indefinite)
1.1 Definite article: THE
- ‘The teacher opened the door to enter the classroom.’
- It is clear which person or thing is meant
No definite article
- ‘Teachers are usually paid less than doctors.’
- When you talk about people or things in general
Is not used before cities, names of meals, before names of countries, mountains, and lakes.
Differences between English and Dutch:
He plays the piano and the guitar. Hij speelt piano en gitaar.
You will be paid by the hour. Je zult per uur betaald worden.
, At the request of/ On the basis of. Op verzoek van/ Op basis van.
Ancient Egypt is a magnet for historians. Het oude Egypte is een magneet voor ...
Of all students, Susan works hardest. Van alle studenten, werkt Susan het hardst.
Most people watch TV every day. De meeste mensen kijken elke dag TV.
Dressed in black/ To learn by heart. In het zwart gekleed/ Uit het hoofd leren.
1.2 Indefinite articles: A/AN
- ‘A classmate of mine asked an interesting question.’
- Used before singular and countable nouns when we refer to a general
noun(zelfs.nw).
No indefinite article
- ‘Mrs. Kingston is the headmistress at this college”
- Used when there is logically only one of something
Differences between English and Dutch:
John is a bus driver and a Frenchman. John is buschauffeur en Fransman.
There were at least a thousand people. Er waren minstens duizend mensen
He used to work as a waiter. Hij werkte als een ober.
He drove 80 miles an hour. Hij reed 80 mijl per uur.
To have a headache/ As a result of. Hoofdpijn hebben/ Als gevolg van.
Part of the lecture was in Dutch. Een deel van de lezing was in het Nederl...
What nonsense! Wat een onzin!
Summary Green book 2.1 + 2.3
Sentence level (redekundig ontleden)
- Predicator - Direct object - Benefactive object
- Subject - Object complement - Adverbial
- Subject complement - Indirect object
Summary blue book p. 16-29
Nouns (zelfs. naamwoord)
Common vs. proper nouns:
Common = represents all or any of the members of a group
- man, child, house, dog, table, flower, book, fly
Proper = refer to the name of a person, place, or thing (always starts with a capital letter in
Eng)
- Spain, Egypt, Poland, Polish, Independence Day, George, Harvard University,
Easter
,Concrete vs. abstract nouns:
Concrete = have material existence
flower, hamster, book, tree
Abstract = refer to ideas, concepts and qualities
love, cowardice, religion
Uncountable vs. countable nouns:
- Uncountable = indefinite noun + have no plural (much, little). Cannot take the A/AN
form
coffee, sugar, music, furniture, fun, poetry, information
- Countable = indefinite article + have a singular and plural form (many, few, several)
girl, apple, friend, book
Uncountable made countable:
- He gave me advice - He gave me a piece of advice.
- His house is filled with furniture - I bought two pieces of furniture.
- Chocolate - A bar of chocolate
- Honey - Two jars of honey
How to form a plural, important spelling rules:
Nouns ending in a hissing sound (-ch, -s, -sh, -x, and -z) or in -o, make their plural by +es
match - matches tomato - tomatoes
bus - buses waltz - waltzes
Exceptions:
quiz - quizzes kilo - kilos
studio - studios kimono - kimonos
Nouns ending in consonant -y make +ies
Fly - flies city - cities
country - countries baby - babies
Nouns ending in -f or -fe
elf- elves leaf - leaves
thief - thieves wife - wives
scarf - scarfs/ scarves shelf - shelves
Irregular plural forms: from Latin and Greek
crisis - crises analysis - analyses
criterion- criteria curriculum - curriculums/ curricula
etc.
Irregular plural forms: identical to singular
one deer- two deer one fish - two fish (or fishes)
one grouse - two grouse one Swiss - two/most Swiss
Irregular plural forms: completely irregular
woman - women mouse - mice (animal)
child - children goose - geese
tooth - teeth foot - feet
, In English there is no plural -s for hundred, thousand and million when preceded by a
number (more than one).
Two million people watched the match live.
Collective nouns:
They denote a group of people or animals
2 forms: always plural / either singular or a plural verb
1. Cattle(vee), clergy(geestelijken), people, police, vermin(ongedierte)
2. crew, jury, family, army, class/group, enemy/gang ect.
Monotransitive verbs always need someone or something that undergoes the action.
The manager bought a fancy sports car -> Bought = P, Lex, Monotransitive
Lexical verbs vs. Copular verbs
(picture) (=/≈)
Walk, write, laugh. hit, kill, be, seem, feel, look,
read, ect. become, ect
9/10: Lex -> Direct object 9/10: Cop -> Subject Complement
1/10: They married young (married= lex, young=SC)
1/10: He is in bed (Is=copular, in bed=Adverbial)
I write a letter (=lex , a letter: Do)
He seems sad (=cop, sad: Sc)
Summary Blue book The genitive (P. 30-36)
The genitive = tweede naamval
- Used to denote possession or relationship
- Is formed by adding ‘s or just an ‘ to the noun
When -’s or of-phrase?
‘s ->Persons and pets (also preferred when it comes to time or distance)
Evelyn’s coat. My grandmother’s birthday.
Your parents’ house. Yesterday’s paper, a three weeks’ holiday.
of -> Things
The roof of the house. The backseat of the car.
The history of the language. Where are the documents of the lady from
Southampton?
Personify:
The heating system of the train -> The train’s heating system
The mast of the ship -> The ship’s mast
If a singular (proper) noun already ends in -s, we can add either an apostrophe (‘) or -’s. If
the plural form ends in -s, only an apostrophe is added.
- I really like Henry James’/’s novels. (Both endings are pronounced as /iz/)
- Their friends’ car is parked outside. (The car of their friend is parked outside)
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