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Samenvatting GEO2-2274 NWI-Science, Technology & Society (GEO2-2274)
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Large Technical Systemstechnical systems:
- physical artefacts such as turbogenerators or transformers
- system artefacts such as natural resources
- legislative artefacts such as regulatory laws
- organizations
technical systems are socially constructed and society shaping. either physical or
nonphysical artefacts functioning as a component in a system interacts with other artefacts.
all artefacts contribute to the systems goal. when an artefact is removed, the combination
and working of other artefacts will change accordingly.
An example: When in an electric light and power system, the resistance is changed.
Transmission, distribution and other components have to change.
system builders should be able to construct, force unity from diversity, coherence from
chaos. they are like heterogenous engineers.
er zijn twee verschillende verbanden tussen environment en technological systems. een
waar technological systems afhangt van environment en een waar het environment afhangt
van technological systems. bij beide is er geen wederzijdse invloeden op het environment.
environmental factors are not components of a technology system, since they do not interact
with the system
the functions of people in technological systems are:
- inventing
- designing
- developing
- give feedback between system performance and system goal in order to correct
errors
The degree of freedom and flexibility of a technological system depends on the size and
maturity. Old systems tend to become less adaptable
a technological system has inputs and outputs. Within the system, there are subsystems
which are linked with internal inputs and outputs, called interfaces.
Since technological systems become increasingly complex, the number of components and
problems of control increase as well. intense problems of control are called crises of control.
technological systems doorlopen de volgende stappen maar kunnen overlappen en herhalen
en zijn niet persé op deze volgorde:
- invention
- development
- innovation
- transfer
- growth, competition, and consolidation and rationalization
inventor-entrepreneurs solve critical problems during INV and DEV
manager-entrepreneurs make crucial decision during INNO, COMP and GRO
, financial-entrepreneurs and consulting engineers solve the critical problems, associated with
growth and momentum, CONS and RAT
here the word entrepreneur refers to a system-builder
Invention
inventions occur during the inventive phase of a system or during other phases. there are
two different kinds of inventions:
- conservative: occur during the phase of competition and system growth since they
improve or expand existing systems
- radical: occur during the inventive phase because they inaugurate a new system
independent inventors are inventors free form the constraints of organizations.
professional inventors are inventors who support their inventive activities over a longer
period and by a series of commercially successful inventions.
Development
development is the phase in which the social construction of technology becomes clear.
In this phase the radical invention which is a relatively simple idea that can function in an
environment no more complex than the mind of the inventor to a system that can function in
an environment with much more factors and forces. To do this, the inventor constructs
experiments that become more and more like the real environment. In this way, it saves
high-scale productions and investments
Innovation
This is the phase where the radical invention gets attention from sales, marketing etc. in
order to start on the market.
Technology transfer
Growth, competition, and consolidation
growth can be measured with the load factor. This is a curve which compares the max
output of the period/time with the current output.
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