Samenvatting cognitieve- en klinische neuropsychologie
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Course
Cognitieve Neuropsychologie
Institution
Saxion Hogeschool (Saxion)
Book
Klinische neuropsychologie
In deze samenvatting vind je de hoofdstukken 2, 4-10 en 12 van Klinische neuropsychologie van Roy Kessels et al. en het extra hoofdstuk Cognitieve Psychologie.
Klinische neuropsychologie
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk cognitieve psychologie..........................................................................................................5
Hoofdstuk 2 De neuropsychologische praktijk.......................................................................................8
2.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Het neuropsychologisch onderzoek..............................................................................................8
2.2.1 Diagnostische cyclus..............................................................................................................8
2.2.2 Verwijzing en vraagstelling....................................................................................................8
2.2.3 Anamnese..............................................................................................................................8
2.2.4 Heteroanamnese...................................................................................................................9
2.2.5 Observatie.............................................................................................................................9
2.2.6 Tests en vragenlijsten............................................................................................................9
2.2.7 Interpretatie..........................................................................................................................9
2.2.8 Rapportage............................................................................................................................9
2.3 Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit......................................................................................................9
2.3.1 Betrouwbaarheid.................................................................................................................10
2.3.2 Validiteit..............................................................................................................................10
2.3.3 Stoorfactoren.......................................................................................................................10
2.3.4 Onderpresteren...................................................................................................................10
2.4 Neuropsychologische behandeling.............................................................................................10
2.5 Werkveld....................................................................................................................................10
2.5.1 Ziekenhuis............................................................................................................................10
2.5.2 Revalidatiecentrum..............................................................................................................11
2.5.3 Geestelijke gezondheidszorg (ggz).......................................................................................11
2.5.4 Verzorgings- of verpleeghuis of begeleide woonvorm.........................................................11
2.5.5 Forensische instelling...........................................................................................................11
Hoofdstuk 4 Beeldvorming van de hersenen........................................................................................12
4.1 Ontwikkeling van het beeldvormend onderzoek door de tijd....................................................12
4.1.1 CT-scan................................................................................................................................12
4.1.2 SPECT- en PET-technieken...................................................................................................12
4.1.3 MRI......................................................................................................................................12
4.1.4 MEG en EROS.......................................................................................................................12
4.2 Structurele beeldvorming...........................................................................................................12
, 4.2.1 CT-scan: Beeldvorming........................................................................................................13
4.2.2 MRI-scan: MRI als techniek..................................................................................................13
4.3 Structurele beeldverwerking......................................................................................................13
4.3.1 Volumetrie en VBM.............................................................................................................13
4.3.2 Cortical thickness.................................................................................................................13
4.3.3 DTI........................................................................................................................................13
4.3.4 MRS......................................................................................................................................14
4.4 Functionele beeldvorming..........................................................................................................14
4.5 Het meten van elektrische signalen............................................................................................14
4.5.1 Elektro-encefalografie (eeg)................................................................................................14
4.5.2 Magneto-encefalografie (meg)............................................................................................14
4.6 Het meten van hemodynamische signalen.................................................................................14
4.6.1 fMRI.....................................................................................................................................14
4.7 Functionele beeldverwerking.....................................................................................................15
Hoofdstuk 5 Herstel en behandeling....................................................................................................16
5.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................16
5.2 Herstel en plasticiteit..................................................................................................................16
5.2.1 Herstelniveaus na hersenletsel............................................................................................16
5.2.2 Vormen van plasticiteit........................................................................................................17
5.2.3 Het stimuleren van plasticiteit na hersenletsel....................................................................17
5.3 Leren en leerbaarheid.................................................................................................................17
5.3.1 Wat is leren?........................................................................................................................17
5.3.2 Niveaus van leerbaarheid: het ICIDH-model........................................................................18
5.3.3 Hiërarchie van neuropsychologische interventiemethoden................................................18
5.4 Neuropsychologische revalidatie................................................................................................19
5.4.1 Twee modellen....................................................................................................................19
5.4.2 Trainings- en behandelvormen............................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 6 Visuele waarneming.........................................................................................................21
6.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................21
6.2 Fysiologische basis van objectwaarneming................................................................................21
6.2.1 Van het oog naar de hersenen.............................................................................................21
6.2.2 Visuele cortex: de wat- en waar-routes...............................................................................21
6.2.3 Visuele cortex: specialisatie in basale visuele kenmerken...................................................22
6.3 Een functioneel model voor visuele waarneming.......................................................................22
6.4 Stoornissen in de visuele waarneming........................................................................................23
6.4.1 Visueel-velddefecten en lagere orde visuele stoornissen....................................................23
, 6.4.2 Hogere orde visuele stoornissen..........................................................................................24
6.5 Een klasse apart: prosopagnosie.................................................................................................24
6.6 Overige visuele stoornissen........................................................................................................25
6.6.1 Blindsight.............................................................................................................................25
6.6.2 Visuele hallucinaties en illusies............................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 7 Ruimtelijke cognitie..........................................................................................................26
7.1 Ruimtelijke cognitie: van perceptie tot actie..............................................................................26
7.1.1 Ruimtelijke perceptie...........................................................................................................26
7.1.2 Ruimtelijke aandacht...........................................................................................................26
7.1.3 Ruimtelijke representaties...................................................................................................26
7.1.4 Ruimtelijk geheugen............................................................................................................27
7.2 Stoornissen in de ruimtelijke cognitie.........................................................................................27
7.2.1 Ruimtelijke perceptie...........................................................................................................27
7.2.2 Ruimtelijke aandacht...........................................................................................................27
7.2.3 Ruimtelijk geheugen............................................................................................................28
7.2.4 Stoornissen in de ruimtelijke praxis.....................................................................................28
7.3 Ruimtelijke cognitie: een globaal model.....................................................................................29
Hoofdstuk 8 Geheugen.........................................................................................................................29
8.1 De taxonomie van het geheugen................................................................................................29
8.1.1 Werkgeheugen....................................................................................................................29
8.1.2 Het declaratief langetermijngeheugen................................................................................30
8.1.3 Het niet-declaratief langetermijngeheugen.........................................................................30
8.2 Geheugenstoornissen.................................................................................................................30
8.2.1 Geheugenklachten...............................................................................................................30
8.2.2 Amnesie en het amnestisch syndroom................................................................................30
8.2.3 Oorzaken van geheugenstoornissen....................................................................................31
8.2.4 Psychogene amnesie............................................................................................................31
Hoofdstuk 9 Taal...................................................................................................................................32
9.2 Taal, spraak, communicatie........................................................................................................32
9.3 Taal als cognitie..........................................................................................................................32
9.3.1 Het mentale lexicon.............................................................................................................32
9.3.2 Het begrijpen van gesproken taal........................................................................................33
9.3.3 Het produceren van taal......................................................................................................33
9.4 Stoornissen.................................................................................................................................33
9.4.1 Afasie...................................................................................................................................33
9.4.2 Stoornissen in de taalproductie...........................................................................................34
, 9.4.3 Stoornissen in het taalbegrip...............................................................................................34
9.4.4 Classificatie van afasieën.....................................................................................................35
9.5 Spraakstoornissen.......................................................................................................................36
9.6 Lees- en schrijfstoornissen..........................................................................................................37
9.7 De neurocognitie van taal...........................................................................................................37
Hoofdstuk 10 Aandacht en executieve functies...................................................................................38
10.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................38
10.2 Selectiviteit van aandacht.........................................................................................................38
10.2.1 Gerichte aandacht.............................................................................................................38
10.2.2 Verdeelde aandacht...........................................................................................................38
10.2.3 Gecontroleerde en automatische informatieverwerking...................................................39
10.3 Intensiteit van aandacht...........................................................................................................39
10.3.1 Alertheid............................................................................................................................39
10.3.2 Volgehouden aandacht......................................................................................................39
10.4 Neuroanatomisch model van aandacht....................................................................................39
10.5 Executieve functies...................................................................................................................39
10.6 Executieve controle: unitaire theorieën...................................................................................40
10.8 Lokalisatie van executieve functies...........................................................................................40
10.8.1 De prefrontale cortex........................................................................................................40
10.8.2 Overige hersengebieden....................................................................................................41
10.9 Stoornissen in aandacht en executieve functies.......................................................................41
Hoofdstuk 12 Actie en motoriek...........................................................................................................42
12.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................42
12.2 Organisatie van het motorisch systeem....................................................................................42
12.2.1 Spieren...............................................................................................................................42
12.2.2 Ruggenmerg.......................................................................................................................42
12.2.3 Hersenstam........................................................................................................................43
12.2.4 Corticale projecties............................................................................................................43
12.3 Representatie van bewegingen................................................................................................43
12.3.1 Spiegelneuronen................................................................................................................43
12.3.2 Forward models.................................................................................................................43
12.3.3 Motorische planning..........................................................................................................43
12.3.4 Motor imagery...................................................................................................................44
12.4 Representatie van (bewegings)doelen.....................................................................................44
12.4.1 Externe representatie van (bewegings)doelen..................................................................44
12.5 Stoornissen...............................................................................................................................44
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