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College aantekeningen Group Dynamics
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College aantekeningen group dynamics
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GROUPDYNAMICS Lecture 1It is not really important whether or not groups are real. It is important that the consequences of
(not) being in a group are real. Belonging to a group affects your behavior. Your behavior in groups or
towards other groups is a function of the person (personality) and the situation.
The social value orientation is seen as a measure of your personality. You have to distribute token
between yourself and another person. It measures whether you are a prosocial, individualistic or
competitive person.
It can predict concessions in
negotiations, self-sacrifice for
partners in relationships, pro-
environmental behavior, traffic
behavior, donations, responses
to emotions and cooperation
within and between groups.
Looking at behavior another
important component is the
situation. This can be seen of
how you categories in a group.
What you consider to be a group
is called entitativity. It is the extent to which a groups seems to be a single
unified entity. This can be based on
- Similarity
- Proximity
- Common fate
In collective categorization you empathize that you belong to the bigger group. In subgroup
categorization you emphasize more with the subgroup withing the collective group. It is less
threatening to think about others in the big group as others instead of a subgroup.
In personal categorization everyone pays attention to themselves. If you are members of different
groups at the same time you have a shared group membership.
When you are part of multiple groups there is a warm and cold group. A warm group is the group you
are closer with than people in the cold group.
People feel connected to other people based on trivial similarities. Minimal groups are formed by
distinctions that are averagely large (blue vs. brown eyes).
Prosocial people are more cooperative to ingroup than to outgroup members. Individualists are less
cooperative, regardless of group members. People are part of a group in the extent to which they
identify with the group.
The social comparison theory is that people rely on others for information about themselves. You can
compare yourself to others upwardly (compare yourself with people that are better than you, gives a
feeling of jealousy and low self-esteem) and downwardly (compare yourself to people that are less
good to yourself, feeling of confidence and high self-esteem).
, The social comparison theory has an information motive for accurate information and an social
validation motive. This is for belonging in the group
Social exclusion (ostracism) is being excluded by the group or ignored by the people in the group.
Being excluded by a group threatened fundamental needs, such as
- need to belong
- need for control
- need for self-esteem
- need for meaningful existence
Being excluded has been shown to be connected to actual physical pain. The negative effects of
exclusion are very strong. It has been shown that paracetamol can also mitigate the effects of pain
caused by social exclusion.
The social exchange theory by Thibaut and Kelly distinguishes between three factors that are
important.
- R = relation/group membership
- CL = comparison level
- CLalt = comparison level of alternatives
If the R is above CL and the CLalt are below CL you are satisfied and dependent of your group.
If the R is below CL and the CLalt is above CL you are dissatisfied and independent of your group.
If the R and CLalt are above CL you are satisfied and independent of your group.
If the R and CLalt are below the CL you are dissatisfied and dependent.
GROUPDYNAMICS lecture 2
Social influence is a very dynamic process. Let’s say in a group with 6 people there are 3 people with
opinion A, 2 with opinion B, and 1 with opinion C. The groups will try to get the loner into their
groups. The larger group usually has the most influence. When with multiple groups there is a
consistent battle of minority against majority.
If the person with opinion C changed his opinion into opinion A, but all the members with A change
their minds to B, the person that was C is the hardest to convince. This has to do with the fact that he
said that A was better than B.
The underlying processes of social influence can be derived from the social comparison theory. The
more fear and insecurity there is, the more likely you will change your opinion.
People that have more needs for accurate information are more influenced by informational
influence. People who have the need to belong and to be considered OK are more influenced
normatively. Majorities have the ability to influence
normative and informational. A minority only has
informational influence.
Reactions to social influence
- Compliance (obedience) = Asch experiment
with the length of straws. You only find these
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