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Samenvatting Cursus IR
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Cursus (geen samenvatting) lessen intellectuele rechten van Prof. Brison, academiejaar .
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Intellectuele rechten AR 2021-2022Deel I: Inleiding intellectuele rechten
1 WAT ZIJN INTELLECTUELE RECHTEN? .............................................................................................1
1.1 VOORBEELDEN .............................................................................................................................1
A.Auteursrecht .......................................................................................................................1
B.Merken ................................................................................................................................2
C.Octrooien (patenten) ..........................................................................................................2
1.2 DEFINITIE INTELLECTUELE RECHTEN ..................................................................................................3
A. WIPO-Verdrag .....................................................................................................................3
B. Handvest van de grondrechten van de EU .........................................................................3
1.2.1 Gemeenschappelijke kenmerken intellectuele rechten ....................................................6
A. Exclusiviteit ..........................................................................................................................6
B. Op een immaterieel voorwerp ...........................................................................................6
C. Beperkt in de tijd .................................................................................................................6
D. In de ruimte begrensd.........................................................................................................7
E. Streven naar uniformisering van nationale bescherming ..................................................7
1.2.2 Traditionele verschilpunten ................................................................................................8
1.3 RECHTSBRONNEN .......................................................................................................................10
1.3.1 Wetgeving (België) ............................................................................................................10
1.3.2 Rechtspraak -en rechtsleer ...............................................................................................10
A. Tijdschriften ......................................................................................................................10
B. Website .............................................................................................................................10
1.4 BELANG IR ................................................................................................................................10
Deel II: Artistieke eigendomsrechten
1 AUTEURSRECHT .............................................................................................................................12
1.1 VOORAF ...................................................................................................................................12
1.1.1 Geschiedenis .....................................................................................................................12
A. In de oudheid en middeleeuwen ......................................................................................12
B. De 15de eeuw ...................................................................................................................13
C. 18de en 19de eeuw ..........................................................................................................13
1.1.2 Aard van het auteursrecht ................................................................................................13
A. Dualistisch .........................................................................................................................13
B. Burgerlijk recht ..................................................................................................................14
1.1.3 Rechtsbronnen op Belgisch niveau...................................................................................14
A. WER ...................................................................................................................................14
B. Inwerkingtreding ...............................................................................................................14
C. Overgangsbepalingen .......................................................................................................15
D. Wijzigingen ........................................................................................................................15
1.1.4 Rechtsbronnen op Europees niveau.................................................................................15
A. Richtlijnen..........................................................................................................................15
B. Verordeningen ..................................................................................................................16
1.1.5 Rechtsbronnen op internationaal niveau .........................................................................16
1.2 TOEPASSINGSGEBIED (WAT IS ER BESCHERMD DOOR HET AUTEURSRECHT?) ...........................................16
1.2.1 Wat is een voorwaarde van letterkunde en kunst? .........................................................16
A. Intellectuele schepping .....................................................................................................17
, B. Open begrip.......................................................................................................................18
C. Uitdrukkelijke uitsluiting ...................................................................................................19
D. Soms kwalificatie vereist ...................................................................................................20
1.3 BESCHERMINGSVOORWAARDEN ....................................................................................................20
1.3.1 Een concrete vorm ............................................................................................................20
A. Ideeën art. 2.1 CB; art. XI.295; art. XI.186; Cass. 27.04.1989; 19.03.98 (publicitaire
concepten); 11.05.2001 (databank) en 25.09.2003 (samenvattingen en trefwoorden
rechtspraak) ..............................................................................................................................20
B. Vastlegging is daarom nog niet vereist (art. XI.172, §1; art. 2.1 CB) ...............................21
C. Moet voldoende nauwkeurig en objectief te identificeren zijn (niet per se permanent)
21
D. Moeilijke toepassingsgevallen ..........................................................................................21
E. Praktische oplossing? ........................................................................................................22
1.3.2 De oorspronkelijkheid (art. XI.166 §5 WER) .....................................................................23
A. Oorspronkelijkheid is noodzakelijk, maar voldoende ......................................................24
B. Bewijslast (stelplicht) ........................................................................................................26
1.4 ONGEACHT FORMALITEITEN (ART. 5. 2 BC).....................................................................................26
A. Verbod ...............................................................................................................................26
B. Formaliteiten die de wet oplegt om door het auteursrecht beschermd te kunnen
worden moeten worden onderscheiden van: ..........................................................................26
(1) I-depot ...........................................................................................................................26
(2) Copyright-notice © .......................................................................................................27
(3) Wettelijk depot .............................................................................................................27
(4) Aangifte bij beheers vennootschappen........................................................................27
1.5 MORELE RECHTEN (ART XI 165, §2 WER) .....................................................................................27
1.5.1 Kenmerken ........................................................................................................................27
A. Onvervreemdbare rechten ...............................................................................................27
B. Prerogatieven van de auteur ............................................................................................28
(1) Het recht op bekendmaking .........................................................................................29
(2) Het recht op vaderschap. .............................................................................................29
(3) Het recht op eerbied of recht op integriteit ................................................................30
(4) Recht op inkeer .............................................................................................................33
(5) Recht op toegang ..........................................................................................................34
1.6 VERMOGENSRECHTEN .................................................................................................................34
1.6.1 Interpretatieregels ............................................................................................................34
1.6.2 Systematiek .......................................................................................................................34
1.6.3 Kenmerken ........................................................................................................................34
A. Vervreemdbaar( art. XI.167, § 1 WER) .............................................................................34
B. Exclusief reproductierecht ................................................................................................35
(1) Geheel of gedeeltelijk ...................................................................................................36
(2) Toepassing van reproductierecht op Google News (Brussel, 5 mei 2011) ..................37
C. Recht op mededeling aan het publiek ..............................................................................37
D. Volgrecht (art. XI.175 e.v. WER) .......................................................................................38
(1) Toepassingsgebied ........................................................................................................38
(2) Tarief .............................................................................................................................38
(3) Uitsluitingen en vrijstellingen .......................................................................................39
(4) Volgrecht is onderworpen aan een verplicht collectief beheer ..................................39
1.7 UITZONDERINGEN.......................................................................................................................39
A. Herhaling belangrijke zaken ..............................................................................................39
, B. Bijzondere regels ...............................................................................................................39
(1) Werken gecreëerd in samenwerkingsverband (art. XI. 166, §2 WER) ........................39
(2) Anonieme en pseudonieme werken (art. XI. 166, §3 WER).........................................40
(3) Postume werken ...........................................................................................................40
1.7.1 Uitzonderingen: algemeen ...............................................................................................40
A. Uitsluitingen, beperkingen en uitzonderingen .................................................................40
(1) In het auteursrecht .......................................................................................................40
(2) Buiten het auteursrecht ................................................................................................40
B. Uitsluitingen en beperkingen in andere afdelingen van Boek XI .....................................40
C. De afdeling “uitzonderingen” van Boek XI bevat een exhaustieve opsomming .............41
D. Diverse ratio’s ...................................................................................................................41
E. Het toepassingsgebied ......................................................................................................41
(3) Interpretatierichtlijnen voor deze uitzonderingen o.b.v. prejudiciële uitlegging van
Uniebegrippen door het HJEU ..............................................................................................41
F. Uitzonderingen worden restrictief geïnterpreteerd ........................................................42
(1) Met het oog op rechtszekerheid voor de auteurs () ....................................................42
(2) Met het oog op nuttige werking van de uitzondering: ................................................42
(3) Coherente toepassing ...................................................................................................42
G. Systematiek .......................................................................................................................42
1.7.2 Pure uitzonderingen .........................................................................................................43
A. Eerste ‘algemene’ toepassingsvoorwaarde (art. 189-190): op geoorloofde wijze
openbaar gemaakt ....................................................................................................................43
B. Uitzonderingen die voor iedereen gelden........................................................................43
(1) De uitzondering van de tijdelijke technische reproductiehandelingen (art. XI.189, §3
WER) ......................................................................................................................................43
(2) Citaat (art. XI.189, §1 WER) ..........................................................................................44
(3) Op openbare plaats tentoongestelde werken (art. XI.190, §1, 2°) ..............................44
(4) Panoramavrijheid (art. XI.190 §1, 2°/1 WER) ...............................................................45
(5) Parodie (art. XI.190, §1, 10°).........................................................................................45
(6) Promotie van gebeurtenissen (art. XI.190§1, 16° WER) ..............................................47
(7) Privé-uitvoering (art. XI.190§1, 3° WER) ......................................................................48
C. Uitzonderingen die enkel gelden voor bepaalde personen/instellingen/werken ...........48
(1) Voor mediabedrijven ....................................................................................................48
(2) Voor instellingen met bijzondere openbare taak: .......................................................48
1.7.3 Uitzonderingen met compensatie “vergoedingsrechten” ...............................................50
A. Thuiskopie .........................................................................................................................50
B. Reprografie ........................................................................................................................51
C. Voor onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek (art. XI.191/1§1 WER).........................52
D. Bloemlezing van overleden auteur (art. XI 189, 2 WER) ..................................................52
E. OPENBARE UITLENING (art. XI.192 §1 WER) ....................................................................53
F. Ziekenhuizen, gevangenissen en instellingen voor jeugd-en gehandicaptenzorg (art.
XI.190§1, 17° WER) ...................................................................................................................53
1.7.4 Three step test ..................................................................................................................54
1.8 HOUDERSCHAP ..........................................................................................................................55
1.8.1 Herhaling vorige les...........................................................................................................55
A. Wat wordt er beschermd door het auteursrecht? ..........................................................55
B. Hoe zit de bescherming van het auteursrecht in elkaar? ................................................55
C. De morele rechten zijn: ....................................................................................................55
D. De vermogensrechten zijn: ...............................................................................................55
, 1.8.2 Wie wordt als ‘auteur’ beschouwd? .................................................................................55
A. Belang van de rechtsvraag ‘wie’? .....................................................................................55
(1) De oorspronkelijke rechthebbende ..............................................................................56
(2) ‘Andere’ rechthebbende kunnen zijn: ..........................................................................59
(3) Vermoeden van houderschap, art. XI.170,2 WER ........................................................59
1.8.3 Hoe kan het auteursrecht verkregen worden? ................................................................59
A. Regels voor auteurscontracten.........................................................................................60
(1) Ratio van het bestaan van regels voor auteurscontracten ..........................................60
(2) Toepassingsgebied van de regels is beperkt ................................................................60
(3) Algemeen geldende regels ...........................................................................................61
(4) Soepelere regels............................................................................................................62
(5) Strengere regels ............................................................................................................65
B. Bijzondere regeling voor open acces (wet 30.07.2018 –> nieuw artikel XI.196 § 2/1
WER) ..........................................................................................................................................66
1.8.4 Wat zijn en doen ‘beheersvennootschappen’ .................................................................66
A. Definite ..............................................................................................................................66
B. Ratio ..................................................................................................................................67
(1) Voordelen beheersvennootschap of collectief beheer................................................67
(2) Voordelen samengevat .................................................................................................67
(3) Nadelen beheersvennootschap of collectief beheer ...................................................67
(4) Nadelen samengevat ....................................................................................................68
C. Werking .............................................................................................................................68
(1) Aansluiting door leden en aangifte van de werken .....................................................68
(2) Aanvraag tot gebruik.....................................................................................................68
(3) Programma’s van gebruikers ........................................................................................68
D. Overzicht in België ............................................................................................................69
E. Wettelijke rol .....................................................................................................................69
F. Rechtskader .......................................................................................................................70
G. Wettelijke regels ivm werking ..........................................................................................71
(1) Opgericht in de vorm van een vennootschap ..............................................................71
(2) Geen verplichte toetreding (en mogelijke terugtrekking) art. XI.248/2 en XI.248/3
WER 71
(3) Vennoten (art. XI 248/1 en XI 248/8 WER)...................................................................71
(4) Informatierecht .............................................................................................................71
(5) Beheer ...........................................................................................................................71
(6) Verdeling .......................................................................................................................71
(7) Werkingskosten ............................................................................................................71
(8) Afhouding sociale, culturele, educatieve doeleinden (art. XI 258 WER) .....................71
(9) Niet-uitkeerbare sommen (art. XI.254 WER) ...............................................................72
(10) Regels bij de inning ...................................................................................................72
(11) Talrijke bijkomende regels in KB’s ............................................................................72
H. Wettelijke regels ivm toezicht ..........................................................................................72
I. Rechtspraak .......................................................................................................................73
1.9 NABURIGE RECHTEN EN RECHTEN VOOR UITGEVERS ..........................................................................74
1.9.1 Terminologie .....................................................................................................................74
A. De rechtsbescherming is naburig aan het auteursrecht ..................................................75
(1) Reha Training-arrest .....................................................................................................75
1.9.2 Ontstaansgeschiedenis .....................................................................................................75
A. Grondslag Franse theorie les auxiliaires de la creéation .................................................76
, B. Economische behoeft .......................................................................................................76
1.9.3 Juridisch en economisch belang .......................................................................................77
A. Juridisch belang naburige rechten....................................................................................77
1.9.4 Belangrijkste rechtsbronnen .............................................................................................78
A. Op internationaal niveau ..................................................................................................78
1.9.5 Uitvoerende kunstenaar ...................................................................................................78
A. Wat? ..................................................................................................................................78
(1) Werk van letterkunde en kunst ....................................................................................79
(2) “Uitvoeren” ...................................................................................................................79
B. Hoe? ..................................................................................................................................80
(1) “Morele” rechten (art. XI 204 WER), maar minder ......................................................80
(2) Vermogensrechten .......................................................................................................81
(3) Beschermingsduur (art. XI 208 WER) ...........................................................................81
A. Wie? ..................................................................................................................................81
(1) Contractuele bescherming (art. XI 205, §3-4 WER) .....................................................82
(2) Beheersvennootschappen ............................................................................................82
1.9.6 De producenten ................................................................................................................82
A. Wat? ..................................................................................................................................82
B. Hoe? ..................................................................................................................................83
(1) Geen morele rechten ....................................................................................................83
(2) Beschermingsduur (art. XI 209 WER) ...........................................................................83
C. Wie? ..................................................................................................................................84
(1) Berheervennootschappen ............................................................................................84
1.9.7 Omroeporganisatie: ..........................................................................................................84
A. Wat ....................................................................................................................................84
(1) Rechtsbescherming .......................................................................................................84
(2) Geen morele rechten ....................................................................................................84
(3) Uitzonderingen .............................................................................................................85
B. Wie? ..................................................................................................................................85
1.9.8 Bijzonder vergoedingsrecht ..............................................................................................85
A. Toepassingsvoorwaarden .................................................................................................85
(1) Geviseerde scenario’s art. XI. 212 WER........................................................................85
(2) Vergoedingsmodaliteiten .............................................................................................86
(3) Inning en verdeling .......................................................................................................87
1.9.9 Uitgevers ...........................................................................................................................87
A. Aanleiding ..........................................................................................................................87
1.9.10 Besluit: coexistentie ......................................................................................................87
B. Vergelijking: beschermingsomvang ..................................................................................87
2 COMPUTERPROGRAMMATEUR EN DATABANKEN .......................................................................88
2.1 COMPUTERPROGRAMMATEUR ......................................................................................................88
2.1.1 Wat valt onder computerprogramma’s ...........................................................................88
A. Gelijkstelling met werken van letterkunde (art. XI 294 WER)..........................................88
B. Uitdrukkingswijze, in welke vorm ook (art. XI 295 WER) .................................................88
C. Indien “oorspronkelijk” (art. XI 294 WER) ........................................................................90
2.1.2 Hoe is de beschermig ........................................................................................................90
A. Art. 6bis Conventie van Bern (art. XI 297 WER) ...............................................................90
B. Vermogensrechten (art. XI 298 WER)...............................................................................90
C. Uitzonderingen (art. XI 299-301 WER) .............................................................................91
, (1) Ten bevoeve va de rechtmatige gebruiker...................................................................91
2.1.3 Wie kan de rechten inroepen? .........................................................................................92
A. Software licences ..............................................................................................................92
B. Open source (OSS) ............................................................................................................93
2.2 DATABANK ................................................................................................................................93
A. Toepassingsgebied ............................................................................................................94
(1) Definitie (art. I 16, 6° WER) ...........................................................................................94
(2) Uitsluiting ......................................................................................................................94
2.2.1 Bescherming ......................................................................................................................95
A. Sui generis bescherming ...................................................................................................95
B. Beschermingsduur (art. XI 309 WER) ...............................................................................96
3 GEMEENSCHAPPELIJK ...................................................................................................................97
3.1 SANCTIES ..................................................................................................................................97
3.1.1 Inbreuk ..............................................................................................................................97
(1) Ruim begrip ...................................................................................................................97
(2) Uitgangspunt: Infopaq I (HJEU 16 juli 2009, C 5/08) ....................................................97
3.1.2 Sancties en procedures .................................................................................................. 100
A. Burgerrechtelijk .............................................................................................................. 100
(1) Beslag inzake namaak ................................................................................................ 100
4 EUROPEES EN INTERNATIONAAL KADER ................................................................................... 101
4.1 INTERNATIONAAL KADER ........................................................................................................... 101
4.1.1 Basisregel ....................................................................................................................... 101
4.1.2 Internationale overeenkomsten .................................................................................... 101
A. Eerste basisregel: nationale behandeling (NB) (=assimilatiebeginsel) ......................... 101
B. Tweede basisregel: conventioneel minimum................................................................ 102
C. Belangrijkste internationale overeenkomsten? ............................................................ 102
(1) De Conventie van Bern .............................................................................................. 102
(2) Conventie van Rome (1961) ...................................................................................... 103
(3) GATT TRIPs (1994)...................................................................................................... 103
(4) WCT (1996) ................................................................................................................ 104
(5) WPPT (1996) .............................................................................................................. 104
D. Toepassingsfeer van de internationale verdragen ........................................................ 104
4.2 EUROPEES AUTEURSRECHT ........................................................................................................ 105
4.2.1 Eerste fase (fase van de negatieve intergratie) ............................................................. 105
A. HVj EU mbt toepassing van VWEU op auteursrecht ..................................................... 105
(1) Deutsche Grammophon ............................................................................................ 105
(2) Warner ....................................................................................................................... 106
(3) EMI Electrola .............................................................................................................. 106
B. Welke theorieën heeft men uit de rechtspraak afgeleid? ............................................ 106
(1) Uitputting is beperkt tot het distributierecht ........................................................... 107
4.2.2 Tweede fase (positieve integratie) ................................................................................ 107
4.2.3 Derde fase ...................................................................................................................... 109
(1) Prejudiciële uitlegging van uniebegrippen ................................................................ 109
4.2.4 Vierde fase ..................................................................................................................... 110
(2) European copyright package à omzetting naar nationaal recht van de laatste 2
Richtlijnen (tegen 7 juni 2021 ............................................................................................ 110
C. BREXIT............................................................................................................................. 111
,Deel III: Industriële eigendomsrechten
1 MERKENRECHT ........................................................................................................................... 112
1.1 INLEIDING PROF MERKENRECHT .................................................................................................. 112
1.1.1 Rechtsbronnen ............................................................................................................... 112
A. Nationaal = Benelux-merk ............................................................................................. 112
B. Europees ........................................................................................................................ 112
1.1.2 Belang ............................................................................................................................. 112
A. Wezenlijke functie van merk = herkomstfunctie .......................................................... 113
1.1.3 Onderscheid ................................................................................................................... 113
A. Warenmerk .................................................................................................................... 113
B. Dienstenmerk ................................................................................................................. 113
1.1.4 Wat? Het voorwerp van bescherming ........................................................................... 113
A. Definitie .......................................................................................................................... 113
1.1.5 10 types (UitVo 2018) .................................................................................................... 114
A. Uitsluitngen .................................................................. Fout! Bladwijzer niet gedefinieerd.
1.1.6 Beschermingsvoorwaarden ........................................................................................... 114
A. Materiële beschermingsvoorwaarden .......................................................................... 114
(1) Onderscheidend vermogen ....................................................................................... 114
(2) Toelaatbaarheid ......................................................................................................... 115
(3) Beschikbaar ................................................................................................................ 115
B. Formele beschermingsvoorden ..................................................................................... 116
1.1.7 Hoe? = rechtsbescherming ............................................................................................ 116
A. Vermogensrechten ........................................................................................................ 116
1.1.8 Beschermingsduur ......................................................................................................... 117
1.1.9 Wie? ............................................................................................................................... 117
1.2 INLEDING PROF TEKENINGEN- EN MODELLENRECHT ........................................................................ 117
1.2.1 Beneluxmodel ................................................................................................................ 118
A. Beschermingsvoorwaarden (art. 3.1 BVIE) .................................................................... 118
1.3 INLEIDING TOT HET MERKENRECHT CARINA GOMMERS ................................................................... 118
1.3.1 Wetgeving ...................................................................................................................... 118
1.3.2 Tekenen die een merk kunnen zijn ................................................................................ 119
A. Woordmerk .................................................................................................................... 119
B. Beeldmerk ...................................................................................................................... 119
C. Vormmerk ...................................................................................................................... 119
D. Positie merk.................................................................................................................... 120
E. Patroon merk ................................................................................................................. 120
F. Kleur merk ...................................................................................................................... 120
(1) Combinatie van kleur ................................................................................................. 120
G. Gelduismerkt ................................................................ Fout! Bladwijzer niet gedefinieerd.
H. Bewgingsmerk ................................................................................................................ 121
I. Hologram merk .............................................................................................................. 121
J. Andere? .......................................................................................................................... 121
1.3.3 Tekens die geen merk kunnen zijn ................................................................................ 122
A. Aard van de waren ......................................................................................................... 122
B. Noodzakelijk om een technische uitkomst te verkrijgen .............................................. 122
C. Wezenlijke waarde ......................................................................................................... 122
(1) Praktijkvoorbeeld wezenlijke waarde: rode zool mer Louboutin (C-163-16)........... 122
(2) Recent rechtspraak voorbeeld technische effect en wezenlijke waarde: C-237/19 123
, 1.3.4 Drie inhoudelijke voorwaarden ..................................................................................... 123
A. Onderscheidend vermogen – merk / brand .................................................................. 123
B. Toelaatbaar .................................................................................................................... 124
C. Beschikbaar .................................................................................................................... 125
(1) Wat doen ze bij een beschikbaarheidsonderzoek? .................................................. 125
1.3.5 Formele voorwaarden.................................................................................................... 126
A. Regelmatig ingediende aanrvaag .................................................................................. 126
B. Waren -en dienstenomschrijving en classificatie .......................................................... 126
C. Onderhoud ..................................................................................................................... 126
(1) Vernieuwing na 10 jaar .............................................................................................. 126
(2) Gebruiksplicht na 5 jaar ............................................................................................. 126
(3) Registratie van wijzigingen ........................................................................................ 127
(4) Slechts op onderdelen afwijkend .............................................................................. 127
1.3.6 Procedures voor het Europees merkenbureau of het Benelux-merkenbureau........... 127
A. The IP Metro - EUIPO ..................................................................................................... 127
B. Van aanvraag tot registratie .......................................................................................... 127
(5) opositie periode ......................................................................................................... 127
C. Post-registratie: procedures tot nietigverklaring en vervallenverklaring ..................... 128
1.3.7 Beschermingsomvang .................................................................................................... 128
A. Namaak (art. 2.22.2 a BVIE / art. 9.2 a VO) ................................................................... 128
(1) Transit art. 9.4 Verordening + 2.20.4 BVIE) ............................................................... 128
B. Verwarringsgevaar (Art. 2.20.2 b BVIE / Art. 9.2 b Verordening) ................................. 129
C. Bekend merk (art. 2.20.2 c BVIE / Art. 9.2 c Verordening) ........................................... 130
(1) Wat is een bekend merk? .......................................................................................... 130
(2) Voorbereidende handelingen (art. 9bis VO) ............................................................. 131
D. Ander gebruik (art. 2.20.2 d BVIE / Art. 14 VO) ............................................................ 131
1.3.8 Uitputting ....................................................................................................................... 132
1.3.9 Internet........................................................................................................................... 133
A. Google Adwords ............................................................................................................. 133
B. Online verkoopplatformen ............................................................................................ 133
C. Bijkomende diensten door online verkoopplatform (Amazon fullfillment program) .. 134
2 TEKENINGEN-EN MODELLENRECHT .......................................................................................... 135
2.1 WAT IS EEN TEKENING OF MODEL? ............................................................................................. 135
2.1.1 Wetgeving ...................................................................................................................... 135
2.1.2 Twee types modelrechten in EU .................................................................................... 135
A. Niet – ingeschreven modellen ....................................................................................... 135
B. Ingeschreven modellen .................................................................................................. 135
2.1.3 Uitsluitingsgronden ........................................................................................................ 135
2.1.4 Inhoudelijke voorwaarden ............................................................................................. 136
A. Nieuwheid ...................................................................................................................... 136
B. Eigen karakter ................................................................................................................ 136
2.1.5 Formele voorwaarden.................................................................................................... 136
2.1.6 Procedure voor het merkenbureau ............................................................................... 137
A. Van aanvraag tot registratie .......................................................................................... 137
B. Post-registratie: nietigheidsprocedure .......................................................................... 137
2.2 DISCUSSIEPUNTEN ................................................................................................................... 137
2.2.1 Uiterlijk van een voortbrengsel ..................................................................................... 137
2.2.2 Openbaarmaking ............................................................................................................ 138
, 2.2.3 Eigen karakter ................................................................................................................ 139
2.2.4 De geïnformeerde gebruiker ......................................................................................... 139
2.2.5 Zichbaar bij normaal gebruik ......................................................................................... 139
2.2.6 Techniekrestrictie........................................................................................................... 140
2.2.7 Afbeeldingen ter illustratie accessoires......................................................................... 140
3 OCTROOIRECHT .......................................................................................................................... 141
3.1 INLEIDING PROF ....................................................................................................................... 141
3.2 RECHTSBRONNEN .................................................................................................................... 141
3.2.1 Nationaal niveau ............................................................................................................ 141
A. Titel I van boek XI WER .................................................................................................. 141
3.2.2 Europees niveau ............................................................................................................. 141
3.2.3 Internationaal octrooi .................................................................................................... 142
A. Unieverdrag van Parijs (1883), met: .............................................................................. 142
B. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) (Washington 1970) .................................................. 142
C. Overeenkomst van Straatsburg (1971) ......................................................................... 142
3.3 WAT? HET VOORWERP VAN BESCHERMING .................................................................................. 142
3.3.1 Toepassingsgebied ......................................................................................................... 142
(1) Definitie ...................................................................................................................... 142
(2) Negatieve voorbeelden.............................................................................................. 142
(3) Uitsluitingen ............................................................................................................... 143
3.3.2 Materiële beschermingsvoorwaarden .......................................................................... 143
A. Materiële of inhoudelijke voorwaarden ........................................................................ 143
(1) Geoorloofd ................................................................................................................. 143
(2) Nieuwheid (art. XI 6 WER) ......................................................................................... 144
(3) Uitvinderswerkzaamheid (art. XI 7 WER) .................................................................. 144
(4) Industrieel toepasbaar ............................................................................................... 144
B. Formele beschermingsvoorwaarde ............................................................................... 144
C. Belgisch octrooi .............................................................................................................. 144
(1) Procedureverloop voor Belgisch octrooi ................................................................... 145
D. Europees octrooi ............................................................................................................ 145
3.3.3 Hoe (= rechtsbescherming) ........................................................................................... 145
A. Morele rechten .............................................................................................................. 145
(1) Uitzonderingen (art. XI 34 WER) ................................................................................ 146
B. Beschermingsduur ......................................................................................................... 147
C. Sancties en procedures .................................................................................................. 147
D. Nabeschouwing .............................................................................................................. 147
3.3.4 Wie heeft de rechten, wie is houder van het octrooirecht .......................................... 147
3.4 VERDERZETTING GASTSPREKERS – INLEIDING ................................................................................. 148
3.4.1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................................... 148
3.4.2 Wetgeving op verschillende niveaus ............................................................................. 149
A. Belgisch........................................................................................................................... 149
B. Regionaal (Europees Octrooiverdrag, Munich, 1973) ................................................... 149
C. Internationale verdragen: .............................................................................................. 149
D. Europa ............................................................................................................................ 150
3.4.3 Het uitvindingsoctrooi (art. XI 3 WER) ........................................................................... 150
A. Uitsluitingen ................................................................................................................... 151
B. Negatief recht ................................................................................................................ 152
C. Basisvoorwaarden octrooibescherming ........................................................................ 152
, (1) Nieuwigheid ............................................................................................................... 152
(2) Inventiviteit of de uitvinderswerkzaamheid .............................................................. 152
(3) Industriële toepasbaarheid ........................................................................................ 152
(4) Voldoende nawerkbaar.............................................................................................. 152
3.5 VOORWERP VAN BESCHERMING ................................................................................................. 153
3.5.1 Octrooi............................................................................................................................ 153
A. Nieuwigheid ................................................................................................................... 153
B. Uitvinderswerkzaamheid ............................................................................................... 154
C. Is het een uitvinding? ..................................................................................................... 155
(1) Opstellen .................................................................................................................... 155
(2) Kosten (art. XI 47 WER) .............................................................................................. 156
(3) Inkomsten .................................................................................................................. 156
(4) Het recht om een uitvindingsoctrooi te bekomen .................................................... 156
(5) Innovatie inkomstenaftrek......................................................................................... 157
3.5.2 Verlening (hoe krijg je een octrooi?) ............................................................................. 157
A. Hoe indienen (art. XI. 15 WER) ...................................................................................... 157
B. Octrooiaanvraag (art. XI 16, §1 WER) ............................................................................ 157
C. Verleningsprocedure...................................................................................................... 158
(1) Nieuwheidsrapport en schriftelijke opinie ................................................................ 158
(2) Voorbeeld Malysse .................................................................................................... 159
D. Voorrang (art. XI 20, §1 WER) ........................................................................................ 159
E. Europees octrooi ............................................................................................................ 160
(1) Oppositie .................................................................................................................... 161
(2) Voorbeeld Europees octrooi van Friesland Campina (dia 89) .................................. 161
(3) Validatie...................................................................................................................... 161
F. Nietigheid (art. XI 57 WER) ............................................................................................ 162
(1) Voorbeeld over het gedekt zijn ................................................................................. 162
3.6 PROCEDURES .......................................................................................................................... 163
A. Diverse proceduremogelijkheden ................................................................................. 163
B. Specialisatie .................................................................................................................... 163
C. Beslag inzake namaak (art. 1369bis/1 – 1369/110 Ger.W.) ......................................... 163
(1) Praktijk........................................................................................................................ 164
D. Kortgeding (art. 584 Ger.W) .......................................................................................... 164
E. Bodemprocedure ........................................................................................................... 164
F. Stakingsvordering ........................................................................................................... 165
G. Strafvordering (wet 15 mei 2007) ................................................................................. 165
3.6.1 Specifieke problematiek in de farma en biotech-industrie ........................................... 165
A. Innvovatieve v. generische industrie ............................................................................. 165
(1) Data-exclusiviteit........................................................................................................ 166
(2) Markt-exclusiviteit ..................................................................................................... 166
B. ABC-systeem .................................................................................................................. 167
C. Second medical use – tweede medisch gebruik ........................................................... 167
3.6.2 IP en telecom ................................................................................................................. 168
3.6.3 Unitary patent (eenheidsoctrooi in Europa) en UPC (uniform patent court –
eengemaakt octrooigerecht) ..................................................................................................... 169
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