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Lecture notes of 3 pages for the course Behaviour in organisations at QUB (Chapter 2)
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Chapter 2 - The social nature of workWork and non-work
Work – a physical and mental activity that is carried out to produce or achieve something of value at
a particular place and time; it involves a degree of obligation and explicit or implicit instructions, in
return for pay or reward’. (pg 41)
Purpose of work is economic
Work is related to place and time- traditionally work is carried out at a specific space during
a particular time
Work involves social relationships between people – e.g.: employer and employee, co-
workers
Work is renumerated – extrinsic (wages, bonuses) or intrinsic (status, recognition)
This definition is narrow:
Not all work is renumerated – e.g.: mother doing household chores and looking after
children, voluntary work
Doesn’t include how employment opportunities are shaped by gender, ethnicity, age or
disabilities
Rewards, satisfaction and hazards are distributed unevenly
The development of work
Contemporary management ideas which we think are new, often are a rediscovery of
practices in the past.
It is challenging to use history as a way of helping us understand work because we compress
large periods of history and don’t consider all of what happened in history (certain
developments concerning work were frequently resisted and changes took place slowly).
Pre- industrial work
Mid-18th century – agriculture was the main activity, manufacturing was small scale
Population was increasing and many moved to larger cities in search of work
Trade and employment conditions were regulated by craft guilds (in towns and cities)
In rural areas ‘putting out system’ was used – people worked in their homes, e.g.: spinning
or weaving wool
Men and women were involved in paid work
Factory-based work
Power technology, specialized machines, specialized occupations
Division of labour – in the factories people worked for defined lengths of time (very different
from the ‘putting out system’ where workers could decide when to start and stop their
work)
The Industrial Revolution refers to the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred
from around 1760 to 1840.
It began in Great Britain and marked a major turning point in history.
The impact was technological, economic, political, and social.
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