Samenvatting Anatomie onderste lidmaat; spieren en ligamenten
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Course
Muscles and ligaments
Institution
Maastricht University (UM)
Dit is een samenvatting van alle spieren en ligamenten van het onderste lidmaat. Hierin worden alle oorsprong, insertie en functies besproken met foto's van waar de spier zich verbindt. Verder wordt bij iedere spier de belangrijke kenmerken besproken. Ook de botten en ligamenten worden van het ond...
Samenvatting anatomie 2
Onderste kwadrant
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 0: Lumbosacrale wervelzuil en de plexus lumbosacralis.................................................................4
Begrippen herhalen:.............................................................................................................................................4
Hoofdstuk 1: Beenderen van het bekken en het onderste lidmaat..................................................................5
Os coxa.................................................................................................................................................................5
Beschrijving van de oppervlakkige zijde..........................................................................................................5
Beschrijving van de diepe zijde........................................................................................................................5
Beschrijving van de rand..................................................................................................................................6
Geslachtsverschillen in de bouw van het bekken:...........................................................................................7
Femur, dijbeen....................................................................................................................................................10
Patella, knieschijf...............................................................................................................................................10
Tibia, scheenbeen...............................................................................................................................................11
Fibula, kuitbeen..................................................................................................................................................11
Talus, sprongbeen..............................................................................................................................................12
Calcaneus, hielbeen............................................................................................................................................12
Andere beenderen van de voet..........................................................................................................................12
Os naviculare (pedis).....................................................................................................................................12
Ossa cuneïforme............................................................................................................................................12
Os cuboideum................................................................................................................................................12
Ossa metatarsi...............................................................................................................................................12
Phalangen......................................................................................................................................................13
Hoofdstuk 2: Gewrichten van het bekken en het onderste lidmaat...............................................................13
De articulatio sacro-iliaca..................................................................................................................................13
Symphysis pubica...............................................................................................................................................15
Articulatio coxae = heupgewricht......................................................................................................................15
Articulatio genu, het kniegewricht.....................................................................................................................16
De gewrichtsvlakken per bot worden beschreven:.......................................................................................16
Junctura tibiofibularis.........................................................................................................................................17
Articulatio talocrurale en subtalaire gewrichten...............................................................................................18
De articulatio talocruralis..............................................................................................................................18
Articulatio talotarsalis of subtalaris...............................................................................................................19
Distale gewrichten in de tarsus.....................................................................................................................20
Korte samenvatting enkel..................................................................................................................................21
Hoofdstuk 3: spieren van de romp................................................................................................................ 21
Anterolaterale spieren van de buik....................................................................................................................21
M. rectus abdominis (Inn: Nn intercostales T5-T12).....................................................................................21
M. pyramidalis abdominis (Inn: T12 of subcostalis & L1)..............................................................................21
M. transversus abdominis.............................................................................................................................21
M. obliquus internus abdominis....................................................................................................................22
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, M. obliquus externus abdominis (Inn: Nn. Intercostales T5-T12).................................................................22
De structuur van de abdominale wand en zijn openingen.................................................................................22
Rectusschede (= vagina mi recti abdominis).................................................................................................23
Anulus femoralis............................................................................................................................................23
Canalis inguinalis............................................................................................................................................24
Het diaphragma of phren..............................................................................................................................24
Levator ani.....................................................................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 4: spieren van de heup................................................................................................................ 26
Trochanter minor groep.....................................................................................................................................26
M. psoas major..............................................................................................................................................26
M. psoas minor..............................................................................................................................................26
M. iliacus........................................................................................................................................................27
Trochanter major groep.....................................................................................................................................27
M. piriformis..................................................................................................................................................27
M. gluteus minimus.......................................................................................................................................27
M. gluteus medius.........................................................................................................................................27
M. gluteus maximus.......................................................................................................................................28
Spieren van de pelvis: voorste ondergroep........................................................................................................28
1. Diepe laag:.................................................................................................................................................28
2. Oppervlakkige laag.....................................................................................................................................29
3. Achterste ondergroep................................................................................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 5: Spieren van het bovenbeen..................................................................................................... 31
De extensor van de knie en andere oppervlakkige spieren................................................................................31
M. quadriceps femoris...................................................................................................................................31
3 oppervlakkige spieren in de dij:.......................................................................................................................32
M. sartorius....................................................................................................................................................32
M. tensor fasciae latae..................................................................................................................................32
Flexoren van de knie...........................................................................................................................................33
M. popliteus...................................................................................................................................................33
Hamstrings.........................................................................................................................................................33
M. semimembranosus...................................................................................................................................33
M. biceps femoris..........................................................................................................................................33
M. semitendinosus........................................................................................................................................33
Hoofdstuk 6: Spieren van het onderbeen..................................................................................................... 35
Voorste (anterior) loge.......................................................................................................................................35
M. tibialis anterior.........................................................................................................................................35
M. extensor hallucis longus...........................................................................................................................36
M. extensor digitorum longus.......................................................................................................................36
M. fibularis tertius.........................................................................................................................................36
Laterale loge.......................................................................................................................................................36
M. fibularis (peroneus) brevis........................................................................................................................37
M. fiburalis (peroneus) longus.......................................................................................................................37
Diepe achterste loge..........................................................................................................................................37
M. flexor hallucis longus................................................................................................................................37
M. tibialis posterior........................................................................................................................................38
M. flexor digitorum longus............................................................................................................................38
Oppervlakkige achterste loge............................................................................................................................38
M. soleus........................................................................................................................................................39
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, M. plantaris....................................................................................................................................................39
M. gastrocnemius..........................................................................................................................................39
Fascien van het onderbeen en ligamenten van de enkel...................................................................................40
Ligamentum transversum cruris....................................................................................................................40
Ligamentum cruciforme................................................................................................................................40
Ligamentum fundiforme................................................................................................................................40
Retinaculum musculorum fibularium superius.............................................................................................40
Retinaculum inferius......................................................................................................................................40
Retinaculum musculorum flexorum..............................................................................................................40
Peesschede van de enkel en de voet:............................................................................................................40
Korte voetspieren...............................................................................................................................................40
M. extensor digitorum brevis........................................................................................................................40
M. extensor hallucis brevis............................................................................................................................41
Mm interossei plantares pedis......................................................................................................................41
Mm. Interossei dorsales pedis.......................................................................................................................41
Mm. Lumbricales pedis..................................................................................................................................41
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, Hoofdstuk 0: Lumbosacrale wervelzuil en de plexus
lumbosacralis
De plexus lumbosacralis is een vlechtwerk van ruggenmergzenuwen dat zich in het onderste
deel van de rug bevindt en de spieren van de benen aanstuurt. De plexus
lumbosacralis maakt deel uit van het perifere zenuwstelsel en bestaat uit de plexus
lumbalis en de plexus sacralis, die onderling verbonden zijn.
De plexus lumbalis wordt opgebouwd uit de segmenten L1-L3 en deels uit segment L4.
Hieruit ontstaan de eerste twee zenuwen uit de ‘grote drie’:
1. N. obturatorius (L2-L4)
2. N. femoralis (L2-L4)
3. N. ischiadicus (L4-S3)
a. Hieruit ontstaan dan weer de n. tibialis en de n. fibularis communis. Beide
takken kunnen tot zeer hoog gescheiden voorkomen.
Begrippen herhalen:
- Corpus (lichaam) en arcus vertebrae (wervelboog)
- Foramen vertebrae en canalis vertebralis
Het foramen intervertebrale of tussenwervelgat (meervoud: foraminaintervertebralia) is
een opening tussen twee opeenvolgende wervels waardoor de uit het ruggenmerg
tredende zenuw de wervelkolom verlaat. Deze opening komt gepaard voor aan beide
zijden van de wervelkolom.
Het ruggenmergkanaal of wervelkanaal (Canalis vertebralis) is een onderdeel van de
wervelkolom. Het wordt gevormd door de ruimte die is ingesloten door het
wervellichaam en de wervelboog. Het ruggenmerg loopt door het ruggenmergkanaal.
- Incisura (superior en inferior) vertebralis en foramen intervertebrale
Het foramen intervertebrale of tussenwervelgat (meervoud: foramina intervertebralia) is
een opening tussen twee opeenvolgende wervels waardoor de uit
het ruggenmerg tredende zenuw de wervelkolom verlaat. Deze opening komt gepaard
voor aan beide zijden van de wervelkolom.
- Canalis sacralis
Samen omgeven zij het wervelgat, het foramen vertebrale, die allemaal bij elkaar het
wervelkanaal vormen, de canalis vertebralis, waarin zich het ruggenmerg bevindt. Dit
kanaal zet zich voort als het canalis sacralis in het os sacrum, en eindigt als
hiatum sacralis.
- Foramina sacralia anteriora (pelvina)
- Foramina sacralia posteriora (dorsalia)
- Discus intervertebralis met de anulus fibrosus en de nucleus pulposus
Een tussenwervelschijf (discus intervertebralis) is een ring van vezelig kraakbeen (anulus
fibrosus) met in het midden een geleiachtige kern (nucleus pulposus) die zich in
de wervelkolom bevindt tussen twee afzonderlijke wervels.
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