Summary
Samenvatting Oncology
- Course
- Institution
- Book
An abstract summary about the first six chapters.
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
Oncology exam 1 SUMMARY (AB_1184); study: Gezondheid en Leven / Biomedical Sciences; VU Amsterdam
-
Summary Oncology Molecular Biology of Cancer chapter 7-14
-
Oncologie Tentamenstof DT 1 – alle colleges (incl. plaatjes)
Seller
Follow
bellybomx
Content preview
Chapter 1Cancer is a disease that is characterized by
- Unregulated cell growth
- Invasion and spread of cells
Tumor
- A tumor is a mass of cells
- Not every tumor is invasive and metastasizing
- Benign tumors are not cancer
Malignant tumor can be life threatening because
- Obstructive prosperities (organs, arteries)
- Can compete with normal cells for nutrients and oxygen
- Invasion of organs can disturb an organ’s function
85% of cancer occurs in epithelial cells
Classification
Epithelial carcinoma
White blood cell lymphoma
Mesoderm sarcoma
Glandular tissue adenocarcinoma
Hallmarks of cancer
- Autonomous growth signals
- Evasion of growth inhibitory signals
- Evasion of apoptic cell death
- Unlimited proliferative potential
- Angiogenesis
- Invasion and metastasis
New hallmark
- Genome instability
- Tumor promoting inflammation
- Reprogramming energy metabolism
- Avoiding immune destruction
Carcinogen agent that causes cancer
Mutagen agent that causes a mutation in the DNA sequence
Alterations in DNA
- Point mutation
- Chromosomal abberations
o Deletions
o Translocations
Oncogenesis
- Clonal and heterogenous
o Origin of cancer
, One cell contains a mutation and will be cloned
Subclones get other mutations and will cause for the heterogeneity
-
Accumulation of mutations only occur when a cell’s defense mechanism has been evaded
Mutation that alters the function of normal genes can lead to unregulated growth
The genes involved in
- Growth
- Apoptosis
- Differentiation
There are two types of mutated genes that play an important role in carcinogenesis
- Oncogenes
o Protein product will be produced in higher quantity or increased activity
o One mutation is dominant
- Tumor suppressor genes
o Proteins play a role in inhibiting growth and tumor formation
Loss of growth inhibition due to loss of function of these genes
Mainly recessive because one intact allele can still inhibit growth
o Predisposition for cancer occurs if someone inherits one mutated allele
If a somatic mutation occurs during life time cancer will develop at an
earlier age than sporadic cancer
Influential factors in carcinogenesis
- Environment
o Chronic exposure to siit
o Exposure to UV
- Reproductive life
o Children reduce chance of breast cancer development
o Age of reproduction
o Age of menarche
o Use of hormone replacement therapy
- Diet and exercise
- Alcohol
o Increased risk in mouth, esophagus, liver and breast cancer
o Increased combined risk with smoking
- Smoking
o Lung cancer
o 40% of all cancer deaths
Cancer therapies
- Earliest therapy was surgical removement of as much as possible cancerous tissue
- Additional chemo and radiotherapy have been used to inhibit or eradicate
metastasized cells
, Goals of therapy
- cytostatic
o Prevent proliferation
- Cytotoxic
o Kill cancer cell
- Effective result with the minimum side effects.
Therapeutic index is the value of the difference between the minimum effective doss and
the maximum tolerated dose. The larger the therapeutic index, the safer the drug
o The index is usually relatively small with chemotherapeutics
o
Therapeutic window
- Difference between maximum tolerated dose and the minimum dose needed to
exert anti-cancer window
-
Chemotherapy uses chemicals that target DNA, RNA and protein to disrupt the cell cycle in
rapid dividing cells. The specificity is broad. The goal is to cause so much damage that
apoptosis is triggered in cancer cells.
, Side effects occur in other fast going cells
- Hair follicles hair loss
- Stomach epithelia ulcer
- Hematopoietic cells anemia
Clinical trials
Phase I
- Dose responses in healthy individuals
Phase II
- Efficacy in larger population
Phase III
- Efficacy tested against conventional treatment
Molecular targets in cancer therapies
- Kinases
o Phosphorylate a hydroxyl group on specific amino acids in proteins.
Conformational change and important for (in)activation of a protein
o Functions
Signal transduction
Cell cycle progression
Transcription
- Phosphatases
o Removes phosphate group
- Ras protein
o Intracellular transducer protein that becomes active after a growth factor
binds to a receptor.
o A G-protein that resides at the intracellular part of a plasma membrane. After
activation GDP is transformed into GTP
- Tumor protein p53
o Guard of the genome
Tumor suppressor gene
o Responds to cell stresses
Cell cycle arrest
DNA repair
Apoptosis
o Acts as a transcription factor
- The retinoblastoma gene
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller bellybomx. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.96. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
70055 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now