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Samenvatting OMTI 2022
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ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN EN -TECHNIEKEN 1Inhoud
Praktische informatie..........................................................................................6
Opbouw.................................................................................................................................................................6
Overzicht lessenpakket.........................................................................................................................................6
cursusmateriaal.....................................................................................................................................................6
evaluatie................................................................................................................................................................6
verwachtingen & tips............................................................................................................................................7
psychometrie......................................................................................................8
1. inleiding.............................................................................................................................................................8
1.1. is dit een psychologische test?...................................................................................................................8
1.2. de eerste psychologie test die jullie afleggen............................................................................................9
2. Belang van psychologische testen voor jou....................................................................................................11
2.1. gestandaardiseerde procedures..............................................................................................................12
2.2. staal van gedrag.......................................................................................................................................13
2.3. testscore...................................................................................................................................................13
2.4. Normen....................................................................................................................................................13
2.5. gedrag voorspeleln buiten de test...........................................................................................................15
3. geschiedenis van psychologische testen.........................................................................................................15
3.1. vroege vormen van testing......................................................................................................................15
3.2. Experimentele psychologie......................................................................................................................16
3.3. binet-simon test.......................................................................................................................................19
3.4. stanford-binet test...................................................................................................................................20
3.5. misbruiken van intelligentietesten...........................................................................................................20
3.6. invloed WOI en WOII................................................................................................................................20
schalen en meetwaarden..................................................................................21
1. indeling van psychologische tests...................................................................................................................21
2. intelligentietests..............................................................................................................................................22
2.1. WAIS-IV (Wechsler adult intelligence scale)............................................................................................22
2.2. progressive matrices van raven...............................................................................................................23
3. neuropsychologische tests..............................................................................................................................23
3.1. complexe figuur van rey...........................................................................................................................23
3.2. pseudoIsochromatic plate (pip) color vision test.....................................................................................25
3.3. vienna test system....................................................................................................................................25
4. persoonlijkheidstests......................................................................................................................................26
1
, 4.1. rorschach test...........................................................................................................................................26
4.2. Szondi test................................................................................................................................................26
4.3. NEO-PI-R...................................................................................................................................................27
5. individuele vs. groepstests..............................................................................................................................27
6. populaire tests in vlaanderen..........................................................................................................................28
7. voorbeeld hoc..................................................................................................................................................28
8. operationaliseren van constructren................................................................................................................31
9. meten..............................................................................................................................................................32
10. eigenschappen van getallen..........................................................................................................................32
10.1. identiteit.................................................................................................................................................32
10.2. orde........................................................................................................................................................32
10.3. kwantiteit...............................................................................................................................................33
10.4. het getal 0...............................................................................................................................................33
11. meeteenheden..............................................................................................................................................33
12. additiviteit.....................................................................................................................................................34
13. meetschalen..................................................................................................................................................34
13.1. in de praktijk...........................................................................................................................................35
individuele verschillen en verbanden................................................................36
1. variabiliteit.......................................................................................................................................................36
2. karakteristieke waarden..................................................................................................................................38
2.1. karakteristieke waarden van positie........................................................................................................38
2.2. Karakteristieke waarden van spreiding....................................................................................................39
3. verbanden tussen twee variabelen.................................................................................................................41
4. covariantie.......................................................................................................................................................42
5. Correlatie.........................................................................................................................................................42
6. Verband tussen dichotome variabelen: Lambda............................................................................................43
7. Verbanden tussen variabelen.........................................................................................................................45
8. Normaalverdeling............................................................................................................................................45
8.1. gebruik maken van normaalverdeling.....................................................................................................48
9. transformartiemeetwaarden..........................................................................................................................49
9.1. absolute transformatiemeetwaarden......................................................................................................49
9.2. Toevallige vergelijkende transformatiemeetwaarden.............................................................................51
10. Normen..........................................................................................................................................................54
betrouwbaarheid...............................................................................................55
1. klassieke testtheorie........................................................................................................................................55
1.1. toevallige meetfouten..............................................................................................................................55
1.2. Assumpties klassieke test theorie............................................................................................................57
2
, 1.3. Variantie van meetfouten........................................................................................................................57
1.4. Bewijs dat s²i = s²t + s²e............................................................................................................................58
2. vier manieren om naar betrouwbaarheid te kijken........................................................................................59
2.1. Verhouding true score variantie en geobserveerde score variantie.......................................................59
2.2. Lage meetfout variantie...........................................................................................................................60
2.3. Gekwadrateerde correlatie tussen geobserveerde score en true score.................................................61
2.4. Lage gekwadrateerde correlatie tussen geobserveerde scores en meetfouten.....................................61
3. De standaardmeetfout....................................................................................................................................62
4. Parallelle testen...............................................................................................................................................63
betrouwbaarheid schatten................................................................................64
1. herhaling..........................................................................................................................................................64
2. Parallelle testen betrouwbaarheid..................................................................................................................64
2.1. illustratie carry-over effect.......................................................................................................................66
2.2. conclusie parallelle testen betrouwbaarheid..........................................................................................67
3. Test-hertest betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................................67
4. Interne consistentie betrouwbaarheid...........................................................................................................68
4.1. Split-half betrouwbaarheid......................................................................................................................68
4.2. Ruwe Cronbach alpha..............................................................................................................................69
4.3. Gestandaardiseerde Cronbach alpha.......................................................................................................70
4.4. Kuder-Richardson 20................................................................................................................................70
5. Factoren die betrouwbaarheid beïnvloeden..................................................................................................71
6. Betrouwbaarheid van jullie vragenlijst...........................................................................................................72
validiteit............................................................................................................73
1. Wat is validiteit?..............................................................................................................................................73
1.1. Voorbeeld 1..............................................................................................................................................73
1.2. Voorbeeld 2..............................................................................................................................................73
1.3. Definities...................................................................................................................................................73
1.4. Consequenties van definitie.....................................................................................................................73
2. Bewijzen voor validiteit...................................................................................................................................74
2.1. Inhoud van de test...................................................................................................................................74
2.2. Interne structuur van de test...................................................................................................................75
2.3. Antwoordprocessen.................................................................................................................................76
2.4. Verbanden met andere variabelen..........................................................................................................76
2.5. Gevolgen van de test................................................................................................................................78
3. Validiteit vs. betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................................79
validiteit schatten.............................................................................................80
1. herhaling vorig hoofdstuk...............................................................................................................................80
3
, 2. verbanden met andere variabelen..................................................................................................................80
2.1. Voorbeeld 1..............................................................................................................................................80
2.2. Voorbeeld 2..............................................................................................................................................81
2.3. Voorbeeld 3..............................................................................................................................................82
2.4. Convergente en discriminante validiteit..................................................................................................83
2.5. Multitrait-multimethod martix................................................................................................................83
3. Factoren die validiteitscoëfficiënten beïnvloeden..........................................................................................87
3.1. Het verband tussen de constructen.........................................................................................................87
3.2. Meetfouten en betrouwbaarheid............................................................................................................87
3.3. Range restriction......................................................................................................................................88
3.4. Methode variantie....................................................................................................................................88
4. Toepassing.......................................................................................................................................................88
4.1. Nomologisch netwerk TIPI.......................................................................................................................88
4.2. MTMM matrix..........................................................................................................................................89
4.3. Sterkte van correlaties: kritiek op richtlijnen Cohen...............................................................................89
respons bias......................................................................................................90
1. wat is respons bias?........................................................................................................................................90
2. Vormen van respons bias................................................................................................................................91
2.1. Acquiescence bias....................................................................................................................................91
2.2. Extreme & moderate responding.............................................................................................................93
2.3. Sociale wenselijkheid...............................................................................................................................94
2.4. Faking bad................................................................................................................................................95
2.5. Nonchalante en willekeurige antwoorden...............................................................................................95
2.6. Gokken......................................................................................................................................................96
3. Omgaan met respons bias...............................................................................................................................96
3.1. test context managen..............................................................................................................................96
3.2. Test inhoud managen...............................................................................................................................98
3.3. Test scoring managen..............................................................................................................................99
3.4. Gespecialiseerde testen.........................................................................................................................101
item analyse en item respons theorie..............................................................103
1. Item analyse..................................................................................................................................................103
1.1. Item-moeilijkheidsindex.........................................................................................................................104
1.2. Item-betrouwbaarheidsindex................................................................................................................105
1.3. Item-validiteitsindex...............................................................................................................................106
1.4. Item-discriminatieindex.........................................................................................................................107
2. item respons theorie.....................................................................................................................................109
2.1. 1 parameter logistisch model.................................................................................................................109
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