SBI4U (AP Biology) - Metabolic Processes Summary/Test Review
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Course
Biology
Institution
12th Grade
This test review + free Quizlet summarizes the key concepts of metabolism, as covered by the AP Biology/Ontario Grade 12 Biology curriculum. It mainly deals with cellular respiration/photosynthesis and the subprocesses associated with them!
Metabolic Processes - Unit Test Review (Quizlet here)
Chapter 8 (Energy of Life)
1. Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics:
1. Energy can be transformed, but never created or destroyed
2. Every energy transformation increases the entropy of the universe
Entropy: A measure of disorder in the universe which everything moves towards -
even ordered structures create disorder (e.g. animals breaking down complex
molecules, releasing heat)! Catabolic pathways break large compounds into
smaller ones and are thus spontaneous, whereas anabolic ones build larger
compounds, decreasing entropy and requiring energy input
2. Free Energy/Equilibrium
Gibbs Free Energy: A measure of a system’s instability and ability to do work -
exergonic reactions release free energy (moving towards a more stable state
called equilibrium) and endergonic reactions absorb it (becoming less stable)
The change in energy is calculated by subtracting reactant energy from product energy - IGNORE ACTIVATION
ENERGY WHEN CALCULATING!!!
, 3. ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate: A molecule made of adenine, a ribose sugar, and 3
phosphate groups which powers the 3 types of work a cell does; chemical
(starting chemical reactions), transport, and mechanical (e.g. muscle contractions).
It releases energy when one of the phosphate groups is hydrolyzed to form an
inorganic phosphate (HOPO3) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Phosphorylation: When a phosphate group is transferred between molecules.
ATP transfers its terminal group to another molecule (the phosphorylated
intermediate), transferring free energy to it and allowing the exergonic reaction of
ATP hydrolysis to power an endergonic reaction!
4. Enzymes
Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst, lowering the activation energy (the
energy needed so bonds can be broken/formed) needed for a chemical reaction
to occur, by:
- Orienting substrates correctly for optimal collision
- Straining substrate bonds
- Providing a favourable environment to break substrate bonds
- Covalently bonding to the substrate
The reactants that enzymes act on are called substrates, which bind to the active site of an enzyme before being
converted into products
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