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Samenvatting alles van AFP
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alles van AFP uit Thieme Meulenhoff
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SAMENGEVATSAMENVATTING VAN WEBSITE
ANATOMIE,
Manon Zagers
AFP LEERJAAR 1
FYSIOLOGIE EN
PATHOLOGIE
AFP PERIODE 2
,Inhoudsopgave
1. Terreinverkenning.................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Doelstelling .................................................................................................................................................................6
1.2 Anatomie + fysiologie = functionele anatomie ...........................................................................................................6
1.3 Structuur van het boek ...............................................................................................................................................6
1.4 Bestuderen van de leerstof .........................................................................................................................................6
1.5 De mens is meer dan de som der delen ......................................................................................................................7
2. Cellen..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Metabolisme ..........................................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Bouw van de cel ..........................................................................................................................................................8
2.3 De levenscyclus van de cel ..........................................................................................................................................8
3. Weefsels............................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Epitheel .....................................................................................................................................................................10
3.2 Steunweefsel .............................................................................................................................................................10
........................................................................................................................................................................................11
3.3 Spierweefsel ..............................................................................................................................................................11
3.4 Zenuwweefsel ...........................................................................................................................................................11
4. Topografie............................................................................................................................................................ 12
4.1 De anatomische houding ..........................................................................................................................................12
4.2 Doorsneden en lichaamsvlakken ..............................................................................................................................12
4.3 Plaatsaanduidingen ..................................................................................................................................................12
4.4 Richtingaanduidingen ...............................................................................................................................................12
4.5 Indeling in hoofd, romp en ledematen .....................................................................................................................12
4.6 Bouwelementen, holten en vliezen ...........................................................................................................................13
5. Orgaanstelsels...................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.1 Orgaanstelsels en hun functies .................................................................................................................................14
5.2. Regulatie van de vegetatieve functies .....................................................................................................................14
........................................................................................................................................................................................14
5.3 Regulatie van de animale functies ...........................................................................................................................14
5.4 Voortplanting ............................................................................................................................................................14
5.5 De totale mens ..........................................................................................................................................................14
6. Circulatiestelsel.................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1 Het hart......................................................................................................................................................................15
6.2 Hartfunctie.................................................................................................................................................................15
6.3 Hartcirculatie.............................................................................................................................................................16
6.4 Bloedvaten.................................................................................................................................................................16
6.5 Bloeddruk in het lichaam......................................................................................................................................16
1
, 6.6 Bloed.....................................................................................................................................................................16
6.7 Uitwisseling van stoffen tussen bloed en weefselvocht.......................................................................................17
6.8 Lymfevatenstelsel......................................................................................................................................................18
6.9 Immuniteit.................................................................................................................................................................18
6.10 Bloedgroepen........................................................................................................................................................19
7. Spijsverteringsstels............................................................................................................................................... 20
7.1 Voedingsstoffen ........................................................................................................................................................20
7.2 Spijsverteringskanaal ...............................................................................................................................................21
Mondholte ..................................................................................................................................................................21
Keelholte en slokdarm ................................................................................................................................................22
Maag ...........................................................................................................................................................................22
Dunne darm ................................................................................................................................................................23
Dikke darm .................................................................................................................................................................23
7.3 Spijsverteringsklieren en galwegen ..........................................................................................................................24
Alvleesklier..................................................................................................................................................................24
Lever ...........................................................................................................................................................................24
Galwegen ....................................................................................................................................................................25
7.4 Peritoneum ...............................................................................................................................................................25
8. Urinewegstelsel.................................................................................................................................................... 26
8.1 Nieren.........................................................................................................................................................................26
8.2 Urine...........................................................................................................................................................................26
8.3 Transport, opslag en verwijdering van urine.............................................................................................................27
8.4 Mictie....................................................................................................................................................................27
9. Ademhalingsstelsel............................................................................................................................................... 28
9.1 Luchtwegen................................................................................................................................................................28
Neusholte....................................................................................................................................................................28
Mondholte, keelholte en strottenhoofd.....................................................................................................................28
Luchtpijp, bronchiën, bronchiolen en longblaasjes....................................................................................................28
Longvlies......................................................................................................................................................................29
9.2 Gaswisseling..............................................................................................................................................................29
9.3 Ademhalingsbewegingen..........................................................................................................................................29
9.4 Longfunctie................................................................................................................................................................30
10. Huid.................................................................................................................................................................... 31
10.1 Functies van de huid ...............................................................................................................................................31
10.2 Bouw van de huid ...................................................................................................................................................31
Opperhuid, lederhuid en onderhuids bindweefsel ....................................................................................................31
Bijzondere epidermale structuren .............................................................................................................................31
........................................................................................................................................................................................32
10.3 Bloedvoorziening van de huid ................................................................................................................................32
10.4 Temperatuurregulatie via de huid ..........................................................................................................................32
11. Hormonale stelsel............................................................................................................................................... 34
11.1 Algemene werking van hormonen...........................................................................................................................34
11.2 Het hypothalamus-hypofysesysteem.......................................................................................................................34
2
, 11.3 Hypofyse..................................................................................................................................................................34
11.4 Pijnappelklier...........................................................................................................................................................35
11.5 Schildklier.................................................................................................................................................................35
11.6 De bijschildklieren....................................................................................................................................................35
11.7 Eilandjes van Langerhans........................................................................................................................................36
11.8 Bijnieren...................................................................................................................................................................36
11.9 Geslachtsklieren.......................................................................................................................................................37
11.10 Weefselhormonen..................................................................................................................................................37
12. Zenuwstelsel....................................................................................................................................................... 38
12.1 Algemene functies...................................................................................................................................................38
12.2 Algemene werking...................................................................................................................................................38
12.3 Indelingen................................................................................................................................................................38
12.4 Zenuwweefsel..........................................................................................................................................................39
Neuroglia.....................................................................................................................................................................39
Witte en grijze stof......................................................................................................................................................40
Membraanpotentiaal, impulsopwekking en impulsoverdracht.................................................................................40
12.5 Grote hersenen........................................................................................................................................................40
Anatomie.....................................................................................................................................................................40
Functie.........................................................................................................................................................................41
12.6 Tussenhersenen.......................................................................................................................................................42
12.7 Hersenstam..............................................................................................................................................................42
12.8 Kleine hersenen........................................................................................................................................................44
12.9. Ruggenmerg...........................................................................................................................................................44
Functie.........................................................................................................................................................................44
Ruggenmergzenuwen..................................................................................................................................................45
12.10 Reflexen.................................................................................................................................................................45
12.11 Vegetatieve zenuwstelsel......................................................................................................................................46
12.12 Hersenvliezen.........................................................................................................................................................47
12.13 Ventrikels en liquor................................................................................................................................................47
........................................................................................................................................................................................47
12.14 Doorbloeding van de hersenen..............................................................................................................................48
13. Sensorisch stelsel................................................................................................................................................ 49
13.1 Sensoren...................................................................................................................................................................49
13.2 Reukzintuig..............................................................................................................................................................50
13.3 Smaakzintuig...........................................................................................................................................................50
13.4 Huidzintuigen...........................................................................................................................................................50
13.5 Gezichtszintuig.........................................................................................................................................................51
Anatomie.....................................................................................................................................................................51
Functie.........................................................................................................................................................................52
13.6 Gehoorzintuig..........................................................................................................................................................54
13.7 Propriosensoren.......................................................................................................................................................54
14. Motorisch stelsel................................................................................................................................................ 56
3
, 14.1 Skelet........................................................................................................................................................................56
14.2 Botverbindingen.......................................................................................................................................................57
14.3 Botten en botverbindingen van het hoofd...............................................................................................................58
14.4 Botten en botverbindingen van de romp.................................................................................................................59
14.5 Botten en botverbindingen van de extremiteiten....................................................................................................60
14.6 Spieren.....................................................................................................................................................................62
Het hoofd.....................................................................................................................................................................64
De hals.........................................................................................................................................................................64
De romp.......................................................................................................................................................................64
De bovenste extremiteiten.........................................................................................................................................66
De onderste extremiteiten..........................................................................................................................................67
15. Voortplantingsstelsel.......................................................................................................................................... 69
15.1 Geslachtskenmerken ..............................................................................................................................................69
15.2 Vrouwelijke geslachtsorganen ...............................................................................................................................69
15.3 Mannelijke geslachtsorgaan ..................................................................................................................................71
15.4 Ontwikkeling van geslachtscellen ...........................................................................................................................72
15.5 Hormonale beïnvloeding ........................................................................................................................................72
15.6 Coïtus ......................................................................................................................................................................73
15.7 Bevruchting .............................................................................................................................................................74
16. Voor de geboorte................................................................................................................................................ 75
16.1 Overerving van eigenschappen ..............................................................................................................................75
16.2 Embryonale ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................75
16.3 Foetale ontwikkeling ..............................................................................................................................................76
16.4 Aanleg, groei en ontwikkeling van de orgaanstelsels ............................................................................................76
Circulatiestelsel ..........................................................................................................................................................76
Spijsverteringsstelsel ..................................................................................................................................................77
Urinewegstelsel ..........................................................................................................................................................77
Ademhalingsstelsel .....................................................................................................................................................77
Huid ............................................................................................................................................................................77
Hormonale stelsel .......................................................................................................................................................77
Zenuwstelsel ...............................................................................................................................................................77
Sensorisch stelsel ........................................................................................................................................................77
Motorisch stelsel ........................................................................................................................................................78
Voortplantingsstelsel ..................................................................................................................................................78
17. Zwangerschap, bevalling en geboorte................................................................................................................. 79
17.1 Zwangerschap ........................................................................................................................................................79
17.2 Aanpassingen in de orgaanstelsels ........................................................................................................................79
Circulatiestelsel ..........................................................................................................................................................79
Spijsverteringsstelsel ..................................................................................................................................................79
Urinewegstelsel ..........................................................................................................................................................79
Ademhalingsstelsel .....................................................................................................................................................79
Huid ............................................................................................................................................................................80
Hormonale stelsel .......................................................................................................................................................80
Zenuwstelsel ...............................................................................................................................................................80
Sensorisch stelsel ........................................................................................................................................................80
Motorisch stelsel ........................................................................................................................................................80
Voorplantingsstelsel ...................................................................................................................................................80
4
, 17.3 Bevalling .................................................................................................................................................................81
17.4 Geboorte .................................................................................................................................................................81
17.5 De kraamvrouw ......................................................................................................................................................82
18. Na de geboorte................................................................................................................................................... 83
18.1 Ontwikkeling ...........................................................................................................................................................83
18.3 Orgaanstelsels ........................................................................................................................................................84
Circulatiestelsel: .........................................................................................................................................................84
Spijsverteringsstelsel ..................................................................................................................................................84
Urinewegstelsel ..........................................................................................................................................................85
Ademhalingsstelsel .....................................................................................................................................................85
Huid ...........................................................................................................................................................................86
Hormonale stelsel .......................................................................................................................................................86
Zenuwstelsel ...............................................................................................................................................................86
Sensorisch stelsel ........................................................................................................................................................87
Motorische stelsel ......................................................................................................................................................87
Voortplantingsstelsel ..................................................................................................................................................88
18.4 Sterven en dood ......................................................................................................................................................88
5
,1. Terreinverkenning
Het vak anatomie en fysiologie is een steunvak bij je studie voor je toekomstige beroep binnen de
gezondheidszorg, sport en beweging.
Gedegen kennis van anatomie en fysiologie van de mens biedt een onmisbaar fundament voor specifiek
beroepsgerichte competenties.
1.1 Doelstelling
Het doel van de studie van anatomie en fysiologie: je krijgt een zodanige kennis van en inzicht in de gezonde
bouw en functie van het menselijk lichaam, dat je voor je eigen vakgebied in de gezondheidszorg of in de
sport en beweging rekening kunt houden met de mogelijkheden en beperkingen van de menselijke
lichamelijkheid.
1.2 Anatomie + fysiologie = functionele anatomie
Anatomie gaat over de bouw van het lichaam.
Fysiologie gaat over de functies van het levende lichaam.
Anatomie en fysiologie worden vaak gezien als één vakgebied omdat bouw en functie van (delen van) het
menselijk lichaam onlosmakelijk met elkaar zijn verbonden.
De combinatie van beide vakgebieden noem je functionele anatomie. Functionele anatomie behandelt de
bouw van het menselijk lichaam in directe relatie met de lichaamsfuncties.
1.3 Structuur van het boek
Deel 1 van het boek vormt het fundament voor de bestudering van de functionele anatomie van de mens.
Het behandelt achtereenvolgens:
de afbakening en verkenning van het vakgebied;
essentiële basisinformatie over cellen;
algemene bouw en functie van alle soorten weefsels van het menselijk lichaam;
de topografie van het menselijk lichaam;
de orgaanstelsels van het menselijk lichaam en de samenwerking daartussen.
In deel 2 van dit boek vind je de gedetailleerde bespreking van de anatomie en fysiologie van de tien
orgaanstelsels van het menselijk lichaam.
Achtereenvolgens zijn dat:
circulatiestelsel;
spijsverteringsstelsel;
urinewegstelsel;
ademhalingsstelsel;
huid;
hormonale stelsel;
zenuwstelsel;
sensorische stelsel;
motorische stelsel;
voortplantingsstelsel.
In deel 3 van dit boek wordt de levensloop van de mens behandeld, te beginnen bij de conceptie en
eindigend bij de dood.
Achtereenvolgens komen aan de orde:
erfelijkheid;
embryonale en foetale ontwikkeling;
zwangerschap, bevalling en geboorte;
levensfasen vanaf de geboorte tot aan de dood.
1.4 Bestuderen van de leerstof
Ter ondersteuning van het studieproces vind je:
6
, een uitgebreid begrippenregister achterin het boek;
kaderteksten in de hoofdstukken met de titel ‘Extra info’, ter verheldering van de leerstof;
‘dusjes’: korte en bondige samenvattingen van de paragrafen binnen een hoofdstuk;
‘studiehulpen’: schematische samenvattingen aan het einde van sommige hoofdstukken;
verklarende woordenlijsten van de Terminologia Anatomica achterin het boek;
lijst van veel gebruikte voorvoegsels achterin het boek;
lijst van veelgebruikte afkortingen achterin het boek;
de website www.anatomieenfysiologievandemens.nl met leerdoelen, uitgebreide samenvattingen
(per paragraaf), uitleg van honderden begrippen, voorbeelden uit de praktijk om de stof te
illustreren (casuïstiek), toetsen, links naar andere websites.
Bij de bestudering van de anatomie en fysiologie gaan we uit van de standaardmens: mannelijk, 25 jaar oud,
1,75 meter lang; 70 kg zwaar, gemiddelde lichaamsbouw, gezond.
1.5 De mens is meer dan de som der delen
Bij de anatomie en fysiologie wordt analyse toegepast: delen of functies van het lichaam worden apart
onderzocht. Maar uit de delen alléén is nooit het totaal te herleiden; je moet de gegevens altijd in verband
brengen met het functioneren van het levende lichaam.
Belangrijke kenmerken van het leven zijn:
voedselopname voor de energiestofwisseling, de bouwstofwisseling en het herstel;
zelfhandhaving en zelfreparatie;
reactievermogen en beweging;
ontwikkeling (groeien, rijpen en leren);
soorthandhaving door middel van voortplanting.
7
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