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Subgraph & Graphs isomorphism & Operations on Graphs

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Department of Mathematics Elementary Graph Theory Lecture 3

 Subgraphs
A subgraph of G is a graph having all of its vertices and edges in G. If G1 is a
subgraph of G, then G is a supergraph of G1.




G1 is a subgraph of G


In other words.
If G and H are two graphs with vertex sets V(H), V(G) and edge sets E(H)
and E(G) respectively such that V(H)  V(G) and E(H)  E(G) then we call H as a
subgraph of G or G is a supergraph of H.


1. Spanning subgraph

A spanning subgraph is a subgraph containing all the vertices of G ( if
V(H)  V(G) ) then we say that H is a spanning subgraph of G ).




The graphs F1 and H1 are spanning subgraphs of a graph G1, but J1 is not a
spanning subgraph of G1.

2. Removal of a vertex and an edge

 The removal of a vertex vi from a graph G result is that subgraph G – vi of G
containing of all vertices in G except vi and all edges not incident with vi .


Dr. Didar A. Ali 1

, Department of Mathematics Elementary Graph Theory Lecture 3

Thus G – vi is the maximal subgraph of G not containing vi .
 On the otherhand, the removal of an edge xi from G yields the spanning
subgraph G – xi containing all edges of G except xi . Thus G – xi is the
maximal subgraph of G not containing xi .
 The addition of an edge vi v j to a graph G is G  vi v j where vi and v j are
non-adjacent in G.




Deleting vertices from a graph G.




Deleting edges from a graph G




Dr. Didar A. Ali 2

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