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Class notes Apocalypse Then
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Week 1 13/09/2021 C215 - 40You’re allowed to repeat pieces from previous assignments in the course in the nal paper
Deadlines:
- 18 October 2021 10:00 —> Secondary Reading Summary
- 8 November 2021 —> Annotated Bibliography
- 22 November 2021 —> Secondary Reading Summary
- 8 December 2021 —> Final Paper
3 weeks you have to be responsible for the discussion board page
- Sept 14-20 Vikings and Apocalypse
- Sept 21-27 Battle of Maldon
- Oct 12-18 Was Beowulf a Dane?
Apocalypse Then
- 1000 years after christ’s birth
- Concern that the world had been in shape for 6000 years
- They believed that the world would last 6000 years
- 6 days of creation and 7th day of rest
- The vikings attack them right around that time, so the world does seem to be ending.
Coronavirus pandemic —> our own apocalypse
Book of revelation —> imagine James Joyce writing something while being really really high.
There’s all types of mini apocalypses that happen all over the world.
Climate change
- Seems like a shock, since we were told to believe that we could control it, and should be
able to control it.
- Hurricane that hits Louisiana is ooding basements in NYC.
- People are very ready to use apocalyptic words to describe what’s going on in case of a
(natural) disaster.
- Pseudoreligious article
- Since 2017 we’ve had real apocalypses —> climate change and coronavirus.
- The world ended September 23 2017, you’ll miss this if you’re not righteous.
- Biblically signi cantly number.
- Apocalyptic things have an interesting space that begins in religion and end up in
something else that’s not mainstream religious.
Anglo-Saxon Invasion/Migration
- The year 1000 is coming, that means that the world is changing.
- You can’t know if christ is coming.
- Anglo-Saxons —> Angles, Jutes and Saxons and settled in Britain
- They don’t conquer places that we think of as traditionally celtic.
- Little England, not Cornwall, Wales, Scotland or Ireland.
- Anglo-Saxons
- Speakers of germanic language, once in England it’s called old English.
- Connection between the salon area (Germany, The Netherlands & Denmark) and
England.
- Anglo-Saxon, term that is racist towards other white people —> excluded: French,
Spanish and IRISH.
- Racism against the Irish, word set up to exclude and diminish the irish
- Celtic Irish are just as good as anglo-saxons.
- America
- Saw anglo-saxons as democratic founding fathers
- Combined English and German and excluded others, again rejecting the irish
- Many English speakers.
1
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, - There aren’t any Anglo-Saxons after 1066 —> historical moment that has a start and
end date.
- Early Medieval English —> historical correct term
- Do use Anglo-Saxon in research searches though as people still use it.
- There’s no Anglo-Saxons after 1100, everything that claims that is a lie.
Apocalypse
- What is the Apocalypse
- Greek word that means “revelation”
- To reveal something
- The revealing of the end times.
- Comes to refer to the process at the end of time when Christ will come in judgement
dividing the sheep from the goats, the end of the earthly kingdoms.
- Goats are bad.
- Image
- King Cnut is being crowned, wife Emma is pictured next to him.
- Cnut was a viking
- They speak Danish at the court
- Christ is pictured above him, he’s pictured in an apocalyptic way (christ in majesty), he’s
here to separate the sheep from the goats.
- Apocalypse, christ coming to judge.
- Peter is holding a key, the key to heaven.
- There’s monks looking at them at the bottom.
- Cnut and Christ are roughly the same size and way bigger than the people pictured
below, suggests importance
- Image with 3 slots
- 1
- Peter is opening the gates, people are marching into heaven
- People are
- 2
- Names of the good and bad are written in a book.
- They decide who gets to come into heaven
- Peter wacks the devil in the head with a key
- 3
- Peter also holds the key to hell, he’s seen locking the gates to hell.
- Hellmouths are pictured
- Hell is pictured as having a mouth and ingested.
- If you are ingested by hell you are forgiven but you are also separated from
god forever.
- Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi as Anglos
- Written right after the year 1000
Riddle 26
- A book, the bible speci cally
- They didn’t use paper, they used parchment or vellum.
- Line 1-5 are about tanning leather
- The bird’s joy (kenning) is a feather, it’s used as a quill
- They then talk about a quill writing as if it’s a bird walking over the page.
- Dark track —> blood, but in this case it’s ink.
- Line 11-14 talk about binding a book.
- Wonderful works of smiths —> speaks of war imagery, sounds destruction.
- Could describe a shield (wrong, but fun answer)
- Wonderful works of smiths —> swords, maybe a shield or armour but usually swords.
- The Anglo-Saxons, early medieval English, liked giving life to inanimate objects
- The heroic diction lays behind everything even if it has nothing to do with it.
- Heroic diction makes you think that people were out there constantly ghting with swords.
- Most people couldn’t a ord a sword, they were farmers.
- 90% of old English literature were farmers, but they loved heroic stories.
- Similar to how we love the marvel universe, but we are not superheroes.
- Orally passed on, there’s a beat to it, the front of the line matters not the last word of the line.
2
fiff fi
, - People re-use the same lines over and over, it’s not plagiarism but certain lines just
sound nice.
- Order of the narrative —> people like inviting the surprise.
- Modern novels may start in the middle of the summer and you have to gure out what’s
going on.
- The medieval riddles are not meant to be gured out right after reading it for the rst
time.
- Opposite ideas are put next to each other. There’s literal images and deep metaphors
hidden
- There’s di erent competing answers that may di er completely
- Apocalyptic thoughts are good because you can nd new things by thinking in certain
ways that others may not.
The Vikings in England: a question of ethnicity
- The early medieval english remember their heritage.
- You’re only a viking if you’re attacking, otherwise you’re just a normal Scandinavian
- Scandinavian migration
- Anglo-Saxon migrations of ca. 500
- Scandinavian raids in the 9th century
- King Alfred was ghting the vikings.
- Treaty of Wedmore (before 890) and the establishment of the Danelaw.
- Danelaw —> Alfred fought with the vikings until they reached an agreement
- Danish people and English people are living side by side.
- There’s a linguistic di erence between the Danelaw and the people who lived
outside of the Danelaw, you can sometimes still see linguistic features today.
- Battle of Maldon 911 and ensuing the Danish invasion and migration
- Fulltime attacking Danes who come to get money.
- If you’re an unhappy farmer living in the danelaw and you knew someone on the
attacking ship you could join them.
- This didn’t happen but the fear that it could happen was so much worse.
- How do you decide who’s English when Scandinavians have lived here for a
while.
- Ca. 1016 Cnut, the Danish king, is crowned king of England.
Thematic questions for this module
1. How do the English distinguish between themselves and their Scandinavian cousins? Is
there anxiety over ethnic di erences?
2. How does apocalyptic discourse in uence discussions over political and social issues? In
other words, do people consider issues in new ways when they think the world is ending?
3. How does apocalyptic discourse and fear of Viking invasions a ect the formation of
society, particularly the three orders, the ghters, the prayers, and the workers?
Week 2 20/09/2021 C215 - 40
My views on apocalypse
- What do I believe will happen at the end of the world?
- The world will likely end when something in space explodes and destroys the planet
- Climate change fucks us over and makes the planet uninhabitable
- Nuclear war
- Deadly virus
- How does this belief change / a ect how I live my life?
- Space: not really, cause I’ll be dead when that happens
- Climate change: YES and we need to do something about it
- Nuclear war: you can’t really do something about it
- Irish way of life - instead of xing it you just complain about it
- Think of a group that is stigmatised in today’s world. Does this stigma bene t or help anyone
(clearly outside of stigmatised group?
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