Apocalypse Then: Old English Literature (ENG31960)
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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN
UCD SCHOOL OF ENGLISH, DRAMA AND FILM
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, Balemans-Højberg 1
Cecilie Balemans-Højberg
Assoc. Prof. Rebecca Stephenson
Apocalypse Then: Old Eng. Lit. (ENG31960)
13 December 2021
Vikings and the Apocalypse in Old English Literature
The word Apocalypse is rooted in the Greek words αποκαλυπτω, apokalypto, and
αποκαλυψισ, apokalypsis, which mean “to uncover, reveal, lay bare or disclose” something, often
concerning the coming of the End Times (Corcoran 63). As previously mentioned, the word
Apocalypse refers to any kind of revelation or disclosure. Still, more generally, an Apocalypse is “a
disaster resulting in drastic, irreversible damage to human society or the environment, esp[ecially]
on a global scale” (“Apocalypse”). The term Apocalypse, or revelation, can also refer to the Bible,
where Revelation is the name of the book in the New Testament, in which St John is granted a
vision of the future where “the Second Coming of Christ and ultimate destruction of the world” are
revealed to him. (“Apocalypse”).
That being said, it is hard to tell what the book Revelation is meant to tell us; is it supposed
to be a prophecy, or is it an allegory for the struggles of mankind (Dinkova-Bruun 236). Because no
one knew when the End Times would be upon them, people started to become anxious towards
1000 A.D. about the reckoning of time (Duncan 16). Especially with events like Viking raids
happening during that time, it did seem like the world was indeed ending (Duncan 21). Although
people responded to the Viking invasion in a multitude of ways, there often appeared to be a divine
element surrounding the Vikings as they were “associated with God’s wrath and the approaching
last days” (Duncan 19). While both Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi Ad Anglos and The Battle of Maldon use
the Apocalypse as a way to respond to the Viking invasion, they seem to do so in different ways.
Wulfstan notes that the Apocalypse will come through the Vikings as a form of divine retribution
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